Residue pesticidal

Pesticides used on crops grown on the test site in previous seasons may also have an impact on the outcome of a field residue trial. Carryover of prior pesticide applications could contaminate samples in a new trial, complicate the growth of the crop in a trial, or cause interference with procedures in the analytical laboratory. For this reason, an accurate history of what has transpired at the potential test site must be obtained before the trial is actually installed. The protocol should identify any chemicals of concern. If questions arise when the history is obtained, they should be reviewed with the Study Director prior to proceeding with the test site. In most annual crop trials, this will not be a significant issue owing to crop rotations in the normal production practices, because the use of short residual pesticides and different chemical classes is often required for each respective crop in the rotation. However, in many perennial crops (tree, vines, alfalfa, etc.) and monoculture row crops (cotton, sugarcane, etc.), the crop pesticide history will play a significant role in trial site selection. 

Pesticide storehouses were examined in five regions of the Astrakhan Oblast because of the rise in the Caspian sea level and the possibility of flooding in 1993-95. Only eight of 39 storehouses were standard however, even they did not meet construction standards, and most were in terrible condition. Residual pesticides contaminated the land surrounding many of these storehouses. In the Volodarsk Region, the maximal values for contamination were atrazine at 1330 times MPC DDT at 53 times MPC, methyl parathion at 1330 times MPC, trifluraline at 8000 times MPC, and phosalone at 107 times MPC. 

Mankind has known of the dangers of food products being contaminated by pesticides for several decades. It is possible that this fact was stated earliest and most frankly in Rachel Carson s famous book [2]. As early as 1963, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a report called Principles of the Safe Use of Food Products Containing Residual Pesticides. ... 

Table 3.15 gives some idea of the trends in pesticide contamination of different food products. As should have been expected, fatty dairy products, Table 3.15. Residual Pesticides in agricultural and food products in the USSR exceeding MPLs in 1988-89 [3]...

Because herbicides have been used for many years, soil will almost always simultaneously accumulate residual amounts of several stable pesticides. The number of possible combinations of residual pesticides is so great (hundreds, maybe even thousands), that it is impossible theoretically to predict the effect. However, it is theoretically possible to draw a general conclusion founded in fact the consequences of using any pesticide are always more varied and dangerous than the regulations state. 

Ostatochnoye soderzhaniye pestitsidov v produktakh pitaniya (Residual Pesticide Quantities in Food Products) / Ed..A.I. Shtenberg. Moscow Meditsina, 1973. 200 pp. 

E.V. Gogol, G.A. Evtyugin, E.V. Suprun, G.K. Budnikov, and V.G. Vinter, Determination of residual pesticide in plant materials using planar cholinesterase sensors modified with nation. J. Anal. Chem. 56, 963-970 (2001). 

We can see that the concentrations of both nitrate and nitrite in drinking water and vegetables are excessive. The accumulation of nitrate in food web of this biogeochemical province was accompanied with a high content of residual pesticides in soils of agroecosystems (Table 10). 

Chlordecone has been primarily released to surface waters in waste waters from a manufacturing plant in Hopewell, Virginia, and may be released in activities associated with the disposal of residual pesticide stocks, and as a result of the direct use of mirex. Chlordecone has been released directly as a contaminant of mirex and indirectly from the degradation of mirex. 

The plant-microbe symbiosis may help facilitate the effective use of inoculants. For example, developed (brady)rhizobial strains or root-colonizing pseudomonads may be more effectively introduced into a contaminated soil environment when they are applied in conjunction with theirplant host. Kingsley etal. (1994) showed that inoculation of soil with a 2,4-D-degrader protected germinating seeds from the herbicidal effects of residual pesticide. Thus, plants may be used to help restore treated soils that contain residual but biologically active compounds. 

G Font, J Manes, JC Molt6, Y Pico. Solid-phase extraction in multi-residue pesticide analysis of water. J Chromatogr 642 135-161, 1993. 

A Navas, A Garcia, F Garcia. Liquid and gas chromatographic multi-residue pesticide determination in animal tissues. Pestic Sci 49 56-64, 1997. 

Albanis, T.A. and D.G. Hela (1995). Multi-residue pesticide analysis in environmental water samples using solid-phase extraction discs and gas chromatography with flame thermionic and mass-selective detection. J. of Chromatogr. A, 707 283-292. 

Table 9.2. Residual pesticidal load of Ganga strech at various stations (values are in ppb) ...

Pesticide residue analysis are conducted for three main purposes [1] Agriculturists and entomologists are interested in how much residual pesticide is needed to control a pest problem. 

Another area of concern is the residual life of a pesticide once it is brought back to the hive. Microencapsulated methyl parathion was at one time believed to represent a special hazard because of its controlled release feature. Thus methyl parathion from MMP was reported to persist in stored pollen for up to 17 months.( ) Unfortunately, little is known about the persistence of insecticides in honey bee combs etnd the subsequent effects of their residues on the honey bees. Carbaryl has been shown to persist for at least eight months in colonies ( ) euid permethrln for at least seven months.O) Recently, USDA researchers at the University of Wisconsin studied samples from two bee kills that apparently Involved methomyl and MMP applied to sweet com. Samples were collected to determine, among others, whether methomyl persisted in combs. Analysis demonstrated that eight months after the insecticide application, residues of 0.03 ppm of methyl parathion and 0.03 ppm of methomyl ( 5) remained, even though the latter is considered to be a short-residual pesticide. 

PSD (1999) Guidance on the estimation of dietary intakes of pesticides residues. Pesticides Safety Directorate UK. 4 November 1999. 

Residual pesticides provide the basis for the most flexible methods available for pest management in stored products pest control (Champ and Ryland, 1986). 

Champ, 13. H. and Hyland, C.J. (1906). I he role of residual pesticides in stored-product insect control, (in Proceedings rtf (he -fill International Working Conference On Stored Produel Prelection. Tel Aviv, Israel. 1986, pp. 28 (-287. 

Pesticide Residues Pesticide residue analysis often requires elaborate sample preparation procedures and analyte enrichment, which might involve extraction (homogenization, solvent extraction), clean-up (solvent partitioning, GPC, SPE), and analyte derivatization.21 Examples are shown in the environmental applications section. Common pesticide residues found in food crops, vegetables, or fruit are ... 

Bao, M. L., Pantani, F., Barbieri, K., Burrini, D., and Griffini, O., Multi-residue pesticide analysis in soil by solid-phase disk extraction and gas chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometry, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 64, 223-245, 1996. 

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