Animal positions

Currently both kepone and mirex are classified as animal positive... 

Chlordane is reported to increase the incidence of hepatocarcinoma in rodents (ref. 117a). Both chlordane and heptachlor are classified as animal positive carcinogens by the 1ARC (ref. 117h). 

Animal Care. Tests indef Dieldrin Animal-positive Aldrin Animal-Indefinite. E.J. Fairchild (Ed.), US-DHEW/PHS/CDC/NIOSH Cincinnati, OH 45226 (1977)-Ottolenghi, A.D., J.K. Haseman and F. Suggs, "Teratogenic Effects of Aldrin, Dieldrin and Endrin in Hamsters and Mice," Teratology. 9. 11-16 (Feb. 197 0-... 

Dieldrin CNS effects (tremors convulsions, coma), nausea, vomiting Carcinogen (animal positive), liver damage (glycogen depletion, fatty infiltration, necrosis), kidney damage (fatty changes, necrosis)... 

Pfaller, M, Flavophospholipol use in animals Positive implications for antimicrobial resistance based on its microbiologic properties, Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2006 52 115-121. 

Another area of pathology that is growing quickly is veterinary pathology, which studies disease and its process in animals. Positions in veterinary pathology are very similar to those in human pathology. A pathologist in this field is usually a veterinarian who has specialized in pathology. 

Note S Warning— Harmful if inhaled or swallowed. Carcinogen (animal positive). Skin and eye irritant. May produce toxic vapors if burned. 

Sohd fats may show drastically different melting behavior. Animal fats such as tallow have fatty acids distributed almost randomly over all positions on the glycerol chain. These fats melt over a fairly broad temperature range. Conversely, cocoa has unsaturated fatty acids predominantly in the 2 position and saturated acids in the 1 and 3 positions. Cocoa butter is a brittle sohd at ambient temperature but melts rapidly just below body temperature. 

Defaunation is a term used to describe the elimination of protozoa from the mmen. Ruminal protozoa allegedly have both positive and negative effects on animal performance (5,34). Defaunation may increase mminal microbial efficiency because less methane is produced and less proteolysis occurs... 

The inhalation toxicity of NF on animals has been studied extensively (37—40). These studies provide the basis of emergency exposure limits (EEL) that have been proposed for NE. The NAS—NRC Committee on Toxicology recommends that the EEL for NE be 10 min at 2250 ppm, 30 min at 750 ppm, and 60 min at 375 ppm. Gaseous NE is considered to be innocuous to the skin and a minor irritant to the eyes and mucous membranes. NE does give a weakly positive metabotically activated Ames test but only at concentrations greater than 2% or 10 times the 10 minute EEL. 

Species origin tests, used to determine whether the specimen is human or from another source, are immunological in nature. Host animals, usually rabbits, are injected with protein from another species. The animal creates antibodies to the unknown material. Semm from the host animal, containing species (human, bovine, equine, canine, etc) specific antibodies, is tested against a dilute solution of blood (antigens) collected as evidence. A positive reaction is determined by a visible band where the antibodies and antigens come into contact. 

Lactic Acid B cteri. The lactic acid bacteria are ubiquitous in nature from plant surfaces to gastrointestinal tracts of many animals. These gram-positive facultative anaerobes convert carbohydrates (qv) to lactic acid and are used extensively in the food industry, for example, for the production of yogurt, cheese, sour dough bread, etc. The sour aromatic flavor imparted upon fermentation appears to be a desirable food trait. In addition, certain species produce a variety of antibiotics. 

The nutrient sparing effect of antibiotics may result from reduction or elimination of bacteria competing for consumed and available nutrients. It is also recognized that certain bacteria synthesize vitamins (qv), amino acids (qv), or proteins that may be utilized by the host animal. Support of this mode of action is found in the observed nutritional interactions with subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds. Protein concentration and digestibiHty, and amino acid composition of consumed proteins may all influence the magnitude of response to feeding antibiotics. Positive effects appear to be largest... 

Because of its position in the Periodic Table, molybdenum has sometimes been linked to chromium (see Chromiumand chromium alloys) or to other heavy metals. However, unlike those elements, molybdenum and its compounds have relatively low toxicity, as shown in Table 3. On the other hand, molybdenum has been identified as a micronutrient essential to plant life (11,12) (see Fertilizers), and plays a principal biochemical role in animal health as a constituent of several important enzyme systems (see Mineral nutrients). 

Toluenediamine is classed as toxic. The oral LD q for animals is between 270—350 mg /kg body weight (45). TDA is readily absorbed through the skin and this is the major route of human exposure. Several studies have shown the 2,4 isomer of TDA to be carcinogenic for rats and mice, but tests on the 2,5 and 2,6 isomers were not positive. AH three of the isomers have been shown to be mutagenic (45). Results of limited studies on the reproductive ha2ards for male workers are equivocal, but animal experiments have shown TDA to cause adverse reproductive effects (45). 

There appear also to be toxic effects. In animals, nitrous oxide has been shown to inactivate methionine synthetase which prevents the conversion of deoxyuridine to thymidine and thus has the potential for inducing megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, and teratogenicity (44—46). A variety of epidemiologic surveys suggest positive correlations between exposure to nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in dental assistants (47). 

An important function of certain carotenoids is their provitamin A activity. Vitamin A may be considered as having the stmcture of half of the P-carotene molecule with a molecule of water added at the end position. In general, all carotenoids containing a single unsubstituted P carotene half have provitamin A activity, but only about half the activity of P carotene. Provitamin A compounds are converted to Vitamin A by an oxidative enzyme system present in the intestinal mucosa of animals and humans. This conversion apparendy does not occur in plants (see Vitamins, VITAMIN a). 

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