Cell-surface attachment

Zobiack, N., Rescher, U., Laarmann, S., Michgehl, S., Schmidt, M.A., and V. Gerke, 2002, Cell-surface attachment of pedestal-forming enteropathogenic E. coli induces a clustering of raft components and a recruitment of annexin 2. J Cell Sci.ll5(Pt l) 91-8. 

OH)2D3 [398]. Other l,25-(OH)2D3-regulated factors related to HL-60 cell differentiation include up-regulation of markers of cell surface attachment, vitronectin, aV/ V integrin, and talin [399], as well as, increased syn-... 

With the exception of the plantacyanins, phytocyanins are chimeric proteins in their mature forms. They are composed of two structurally distinct sequence motifs, a 100-109-amino acid blue copper domain followed by a domain that varies in length between 30-220 amino acids, lacks any obvious consensus sequence, but resembles heavily glycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGP). Where such AGP domains are present, they are followed by a hydrophobic sequence predicted to provide a signal for the attachment of a GPI moiety, which anchors the protein to the cell surface (Figure 2). This cell-surface attachment of phytocyanins... 

Advancement in three-dimensional polymer processing makes customization possible for polymer composition, mechanical strength, cell-surface attachment interactions, degradation rates, and high cell density... 

Isolation of Cell-Surface-Attached Highly Pure PIA... 

The initial step in the viral life cycle is the attachment of virus particles to the cell surface. Attachment is mediated by binding of the virus to a receptor. Sometimes co-receptors are also involved that might promote post-attachment events in the entry process. Receptor molecules are crmstituents of the cell membrane, and the receptor determinant, the stmcture to which the virus binds, may be either a protein epitope or the carbohydrate of a glycoprotein or a glycolipid. Soluble proteins present in body fluids and in mucus oti respiratory and enteric epithelia may also contain such carbohydrates and therefore interfere with virus binding to the cell siuface. 

Although exopolysaccharides do not normally have a structural role, they do form structures that can be detected by either light or electron microscopy. Exopolysaccharides may form part of a capsule closely attached to the microbial cell surface, or appear as loose slime secreted by the cell but not directly attached to it mucoid Exopolysaccharide producing cells usually form mucoid colonies on solid media and colonies liquid cultures of these cells may become very viscous. However, growth conditions can... 

RGD analogs have been shown to inhibit the attachment of osteoclasts to bone matrix and to reduce bone resotptive activity in vitro. The cell surface integrin, av 33, appears to play a role in this process. RGD analogs may rq resent a new approach to modulating osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and may be useful in the treatment of osteoporosis [9]. 

The influenza virus inhibitors, zanamivir, and oseltamivir, act outside the cell after virus particles have been formed. The dtugs have been designed to fit into the active site of the viral envelope enzyme neuraminidase, which is required to cleave sialic acid off the surface of the producing cells. When its activity is blocked, new virus particles stay attached to the cell surface through binding of the virus protein hemagglutinin to sialic acid and are prevented from spreading to other cells. 

Surface interactions play an important role in the ability of certain animal cells to grow and produce the desired bioproducts. An understanding of the dynamics of cell surface interactions in these "anchorage-dependent" cells (cells that function well only when attached to a surface) will be needed, for example, to improve the design of bioreactors for growing animal cells. 

Loschonsky S, Shroff K, Worz A et al (2008) Surface-attached pdmaa-grgdsp hybrid polymer monolayers that promote the adhesion of living cells. Biomacromolecules 9 543-552... 

Molecules released by exocytosis fall into three categories (1) They can attach to the cell surface and become peripheral proteins, eg, antigens. (2) They can become part of the extracellular matrix, eg, collagen and glycosaminoglycans. (3) They can enter extracellular fluid and signal other cells. Insulin, parathyroid hormone, and the catecholamines are all packaged in gran-... 

Figure 17.4 Cartoon representation of strategies for studying and exploiting enzymes on electrodes that have been used in electrocatalysis for fuel cells, (a) Attachment or physisorption of an enzyme on an electrode such that redox centers in the protein are in direct electronic contact with the surface, (b) Specific attachment of an enzyme to an electrode modified with a substrate, cofactor, or analog that contacts the protein close to a redox center. Examples include attachment of the modifier via a conductive linker, (c) Entrapment of an enzyme within a polymer containing redox mediator molecules that transfer electrons to/from centers in the protein, (d) Attachment of an enzyme onto carbon nanotubes prepared on an electrode, giving a large surface area conducting network with direct electron transfer to each enzyme molecule.

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