Supraoptic nucleus

Human GAL1 receptor mRNA has been detected in multiple cell and tissue samples including Bowes melanoma cells, brain, gastrointestinal tract (from esophagus to rectum), heart, prostate, and testes. Rat GAL1 mRNA was detected in olfactory regions, many hypothalamic nuclei (including supraoptic nucleus),... 

Fig. 8.1 (continued) nucleus, (k, 1) Hi hippocampus, (m, n) So supraoptic nucleus, (o, p) Arc hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, (q, r) PH posterior hypothalamic area, (s, t) SN Substantia nigra. AU sections were observed with an Olympus fluorescent microscope (BX 61). Scale bars = 50 mm. (Unpubhshed data)... 

Smithson K.G., Weiss M.L. and Hatton G.I. (1992). Supraoptic nucleus afferents from the accessory olfactory bulb evidence from anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing in the rat. Brain Res Bull 29, 209-220. 

Oliet, S. H. Poulain, D. A. (1999). Adenosine-induced presynaptic inhibition of IPSCs and EPSCs in rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus neurones. J. Physiol 520 (3), 815-25. 

Hatton, G. I. and Yang, Q. Z. Synaptically released histamine increases dye coupling among vasopressinergic neurons of the supraoptic nucleus mediation by H[ receptors and cyclic nucleotides. /. Neurosci. 16 123-129,1996. 

Found by IHC in amygdaloid structures, supraoptic nucleus, reticular thalamic nucleus, olfactory tract and piriform cortex, less so in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei and hippocampus of rat (Sanghera et al., 1991). 

Wotjak CT, Ludwig M, Landgraf R (1994) Vasopressin facilitates its own release within the rat supraoptic nucleus in vivo. Neuroreport 5 1181-1184... 

Wotjak CT, Ludwig M, Ebner K, Russell JA, Singewald N, Landgraf R, Engelmann M (2002) Vasopressin from hypothalamic magnocellular neurons has opposite actions at the adenohypophysis and in the supraoptic nucleus on ACTH secretion. Eur J Neurosci 16 477-485... 

The neurotransmitter histamine (HA) exerts several functions in the hypothalamus [1-2] including an involvement in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone secretion [3]. HA has no effect directly at the level of the pituitary gland, but influences the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones either by an exerted e.g. in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on other central transmitters or hypothalamic regulating factors, which subsequently regulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones. In addition, HA acts on the supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus where the posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized and thereby exerts a direct effect on the release of the posterior pituitary hormones. Immunohistochemical studies have revealed that the histaminergic neurons, which originate in the tuberomammillary nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus, densely innervate most of the hypothalamic areas involved in the neuroendocrine control of pituitary hormone secretion [4-5]. Within the last two decades the effect of HA on pituitary hormone secretion have been explored in several studies and it has been... 

The neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus receive both the GABAergic inhibitory input mentioned above (Section 2.7) and an excitatory glutamate input Whereas the D4 heteroreceptor-mediated depression of GABA release disinhibits the neurosecretory cells (Section 2.7), the D4 heteroreceptor-mediated depression of glutamate release (Table 1) inhibits them and, hence, the pituitary secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin. 

Azdad K, Piet R, Poulain DA, Oliet SH (2003) Dopamine D4 receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of GABAergic transmission in the rat supraoptic nucleus. J Neurophysiol 90 559-65 Baimoukhametova DV, Hewitt SA, Sank CA, Bains JS (2004) Dopamine modulates use-dependent plasticity of inhibitory synapses. J Neurosci 24 5162-71 Bakker RA (2004) Histamine H3-receptor isoforms. Inflamm Res 53 509-16 Bakker RA, Lozada AF, van Marie A, Shenton FC, Drutel G, Karlstedt K, Hoffmann M, Lintunen M, Yamamoto Y, van Rijn RM, Chazot PL, Panula P, Leurs R (2006) Discovery of naturally occurring splice variants of the rat histamine H3 receptor that act as dominant-negative isoforms. Mol Pharmacol 69 1194-1206... 

Di S, Boudaba C, Popescu IR, Weng FJ, Harris C, Marcheselli VL, Bazan NG, Tasker JG (2005) Activity-dependent release and actions of endocannabinoids in the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. J Physiol 569 751-60... 

Onaka, T., Ikeda, K., Yamashita, T. Honda, K. (2003). Facilitative role of endogenous oxytocin in noradrenaline release in the rat supraoptic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci., 18, 3018-3026. 

High D4 receptor concentration has been described in the rat frontal and parietal cortex on the other hand, medium-high concentration of D4 receptor has been reported in the NAc, CPu, SNc, as well as in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and medium-low concentration in the olfactory tubercle, GP, thalamus, supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, cerebellum, and pituitary gland (Ariano et al., 1997b Defagot et al., 1997 Mauger et al., 1998). 

Fig. 1. Location of dopaminergic perikarya (Au-A15) are depicted schematically on frontal sections (B-F) through the diencephalon of the rat. Section A is a sagittal view of the rat brain depicting the rostrocaudal location of frontal sections B-F. Abbreviations AH, anterior hypothalamus ARC, arcuate nucleus BST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis f, fornix ic, internal capsule inf, infundibulum me, median eminence mt, mamillothalamic tract OC, optic chiasm ot, optic tract PH, posterior hypothalamus PIT, pituitary gland PeV, periventricular nucleus PVN, paraventricular nucleus RCH, retrochiasmatic area SON, supraoptic nucleus VMN, ventromedial nucleus ZI, zona incerta.

Mason WT (1983) Excitation by dopamine of putative oxytocinergic neurones in the rat supraoptic nucleus in vitro evidence for two classes of continuosly firing neurones. Brain Res 267 113-121. 

Price CJ, Pittman QJ (2001) Dopamine D4 receptor activation inhibits presynaptically glutamatergic neurotransmission in the rat supraoptic nucleus. J Neurophysiol 36 1149-1155. 

Van Vulpen EHS, Yang CR, Nissen R, Renaud LP (1999) Hypothalamic A14 and A15 catecholamine cells provide dopaminergic innervation to the supraoptic nucleus in rat a combined retrograde tracer and immunohistoehemical study. Neuroscience 93 675-680. 

Q3 Vasopressin is a small peptide hormone consisting of nine amino acids, most of which is synthesized in neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Small quantities are also produced in the neighbouring paraventricular nucleus. The hormone is transported down the axons of the neurosecretory cells via the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary, where it is stored until release into the blood is triggered by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus. Vasopressin is better known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The name vasopressin relates to its vasoconstrictor action, which increases pressure in the vascular system. This action was discovered before its effects on water retention were known. 

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is released from axon terminals of the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream. It is also distributed to the central nervous system and oxytocin binding sites are found throughout, especially in the limbic system (Insel and Young, 2000). Oxytocin has been linked to afifiliative behavior, social memory, and behavior, all of which are impaired in autism (Insel et al., 1999). It has been hypothesized that dysfunction of oxytocin and vasopresin contributes to social impairment in autism (Waterhouse et al., 1996). 

Neuroscience communities concerned with different systems have developed identical abbreviations for completely different structures for example SO stands for both supraoptic nucleus and superior olive, SC for suprachiasmatic nucleus and superior colliculus, and IC for inferior colliculus and internal capsule. In dealing with the entire nervous system (as increasingly more researchers do) these parochial abbreviation schemes become impossible to implement. An additional complication arises when homologous structures are nonetheless named or abbreviated differently in different species. We have made an effort to establish homologies and are using the same abbreviations for homologous... 

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