Refinery flow sheet

Shown in Figure 4.2 is a simple refinery flow-sheet. There are many refineries in the world configured in this manner. These are often referred to as simple refineries. In many of these refineries, the crude oil column has greater capacity to the downstream processing units and the refinery sells the excess intermediate streams such as naphtha on the oil market. 

SGP in the Refinery Flow Sheet. Before describing the gasification and gas treating technology, the way they fit into the overall picture of the refinery flow sheet should be... 

The DON process can be operated also with a full EF matte circulation to the flash furnace. Thus, only a low iron FSF matte is produced which simplifies the refinery flow sheet as a result of decreased iron removal. This concept is applicable to feed materials, which do not contain such elements in significant concentrations, which would accumulate in the circulation between the furnaces, e.g. cobalt. On the other hand, the concentrates containing PGM s may benefit from this concept. Matte circulation has been successfully tested on a pilot scale. In addition, industrial tests have been carried out at Fortaleza. 

On the other hand, wet chlorination of refinery slimes has proven to be a rapid and simple method of obtaining high extractions of selenium from slimes. A simple wet chlorination flow sheet is shown in Figure 3. Slimes chlorination per se is not a simple deselenization operation, but rather a process wherein virtually all the constituents of slimes which form soluble chlorides report as a complex solution of mixed chlorides. Thus the use of wet chlorination requires a complete change in the process to recover the metal values in slimes. The first plant to use wet chlorination of slimes was started by Kennecott (Salt Lake City, Utah) in 1995. 

In terms of the process, very little has been achieved. The mass transfer limitations still exist although emulsification has solved the problem partially, but not without creating another problem downstream in separation of the product from the rest of the stream and the issue still needs further work. The IP portfolio contains very few real process concepts. The patented material refers to a BDS process several times, but the process referred to, is no more than a simple description of the pH, temperature, etc., and the particular use of a given biocatalyst in an application. Some protected subject matter concerns the integration of a bioprocess into the flow sheet of the refinery, but again those are no more than theoretical scheme proposed for implementation, with no actual evidence with real feedstocks. 

Some recent applications have benefited from advances in computing and computational techniques. Steady-state simulation is being used off-line for process analysis, design, and retrofit process simulators can model flow sheets with up to about a million equations by employing nested procedures. Other applications have resulted in great economic benefits these include on-line real-time optimization models for data reconciliation and parameter estimation followed by optimal adjustment of operating conditions. Models of up to 500,000 variables have been used on a refinery-wide basis. 

Sulphuric acid is the largest volume chemical in the world with an annual production of about 180 mill, t/year which is used primarily for phosphate fertilizers, petroleum alkylation, copper ore leaching and in smaller quantities for a number of other purposes (pulp and paper, other acids, aluminium, titanium dioxide, plastics, synthetic fibres, dyestuffs, sulphonation etc.). The major sulphur sources for sulphuric acid production are sulphur recovered from hydrocarbon processing in the refineries and from desulphurisation of natural gas, SO2 from metallurgical smelter operations, spent alkylation acid, and to a minor extent mined elemental sulphur and pyrites. A simplified flow sheet of a modem double-absorption plant for sulphuric acid production from sulphur is shown in Fig. 1. 

To overcome some of these problems and to produce a flow sheet that could accept a wide range of feed materials, the major refining companies embarked on research programs that could replace the traditional routes. These have led to the production of three overall flow sheets that reflect the chemical complexity of these elements and the difference in the raw material feed to the different refineries. To understand these schemes, it is necessary to outline some of the fundamental chemistry of the precious metals. 

A general flow sheet for direct solvent extraction of many row crop oilseeds is shown in Fig. 34.8. Initial quality of the seed, and its preparation for extraction, have the most effect on yield of extracted oil, subsequent required refinery operations, and yields of (saleable) neutral oil. Freshly harvested seed should be cleaned of trash, which may become ignited during drying, or harbor moisture that accelerates seed heating in storage. Oils of most good quality, dry, row crop... 

Ethylene is produced commercially in a variety of different processes. Feed stocks for these various processes range from refinery gas, ethane, propane, butane, natural gasoline, light and heavy naphthas to gas and oil and heavier fractions. Prepare three different qualitative flow sheets to handle a majority of these feed stocks. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each selected process ... 

Examine the simplified refinery power plant flow sheet in Fig. P4.92 and calculate the energy loss (in Btu/hr) for the plant. Also calculate the energy loss as a percentage of the energy input. 

Hydrocarbon Processing. A monthly publication of the Gulf Publishing Company. This covers process and project engineering of refineries and petrochemical operations. It has a flow sheet in every issue and gives over 100 processes flow sheets in its yearly handbook. 

Althougji uranium refineries use widely different types of solvent extraction contactors, their basic process flow sheets are similar, along the lines of Fig. 5.22, hich illustrates the... 

Simplified flow sheet of one type of glucose refinery. 

This separation principle has been applied commercially at Falconbridge Nik-kelverk in Norway (Wigstol and Froyland 1972), at Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. in Japan (Suetsuna et al. 1980), and at the Societe de Nickel refinery in France (Bozec et al. 1974). More recently, this chemistry has been included in the flow sheet for the processing of a nickel laterite in the Goro process in New Caledonia (Mihaylov et al. 2000) (see Section 5.3.3.2). 

The Yabulu refinery of Queensland Nickel Industries (QNI) in Townsville, Australia, is the largest nickel SX plant in the world. The flow sheet (Figure 5.16) comprises... 

FigureS.1.25 Simplified flow-sheet of a crude oil refinery.

Fig. 410 A flow sheet for a copper refinery. The approximate weights or volumes of iotermediitee 100 tonnes of cathode copper are indicated. (A portion of the electrolyte goes to puiiflcation.)...

There are many references that discuss and evaluate processes for the production of chemicals from coal. A typical flow sheet for a plant is shown in Fig. 17.34. This Coal Refinery used hydroliquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification and produces a product slate as shown in Fig. 17.35. The acronym POGO refers to Power Oil Gas Other, a project of the U.S. Department of Energy. 

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