Chlorine flow sheet

On the other hand, wet chlorination of refinery slimes has proven to be a rapid and simple method of obtaining high extractions of selenium from slimes. A simple wet chlorination flow sheet is shown in Figure 3. Slimes chlorination per se is not a simple deselenization operation, but rather a process wherein virtually all the constituents of slimes which form soluble chlorides report as a complex solution of mixed chlorides. Thus the use of wet chlorination requires a complete change in the process to recover the metal values in slimes. The first plant to use wet chlorination of slimes was started by Kennecott (Salt Lake City, Utah) in 1995. 

Peroxide-Ketazine Process. Elf Atochem in France operates a process patented by Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhhnaim (PCUK). Hydrogen peroxide (qv), rather than chlorine or hypochlorite, is used to oxidize ammonia. The reaction is carried out in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at atmospheric pressure and 50°C. The ratio of H202 MEK NH2 used is 1 2 4. Hydrogen peroxide is activated by acetamide and disodium hydrogen phosphate (117). Eigure 6 is a simplified flow sheet of this process. The overall reaction results in the formation of methyl ethyl ketazine [5921-54-0] (39) and water ... 

Fig. 4. Flow sheet for the processing of titanium ore by chlorination followed by reduction with magnesium.

The flow sheet in Figure 3 iHustrates cadmium recovery from cadmium-bearing fumes. Depending on composition, the fume may have to be roasted with or without sulfuric acid or oxidi2ed using sodium chlorate or chlorine in order to convert cadmium into a water- or acid-soluble form and to... 

Non-aqueous Process. A halide volatility process has been extensively studied among the dry reprocessing processes. The chloride distillation using carbon tetrachloride has been studied in applying to the treatment of irradiated uranium dioxide (32). In a proposed flow-sheet, chlorination and distillation processes are followed by the sorption and desorption process of uranium chloride on a barium chloride bed. Fundamental data of decontamination for the fission products have been accumulated, showing that excellent purification of uranium is achieved. 

Phenol. The manufacture of phenol by the oxidation of benzene is described by Denton (21) and by Simons and McArthur (107). The literature on phenol by the oxidation of cumene is partly covered in the reports of Frank (33), Hawkins (43), and Kharasch (57), mentioned earlier. A brief description and flow sheet of the process is given in Chemical Engineering (16). The patents in this field are mainly held by The Distillers Co., Ltd., Hercules Powder Co., and Allied Chemical and Dye Corp. In this phenol process large amounts of acetone are obtained as a coproduct. It should also be noted that the process may be directed to the production of cumene hydroperoxide and a,a dimethylbenzyl alcohol. Krieble (61) and Kenyon and Boehmer (55) describe the preparation of phenol by the chlorination and sulfonation processes. 

The flow sheet in Fig. 11.7 provides an indication of the Deacon/Shell plant Unconverted hydrochloric acid is extracted with water, recovered by stripping and recycled. The chlorine is dried by sulfuric acid. 

The flow sheet for a balanced chlorination-oxychlorination of ethylene to vinyl chloride monomer is shown in Figure 2. Currently this process, with its variations involving fixed and fluid beds and different methods of heating and separation, dominates the commercial production of vinyl chloride with 93% of VCM being made by this route. 

High purity vinyl chloride is produced in an overall yield of 80 mol% based on ethane. The feed can contain ethane, ethylene, mixed ethylene-chlorination products, and HCl in various mixtures, and can thereby allow recovery of values from such materials. The flow sheet for the simultaneous chlorination, oxidation, and dehydrochlorination for producing vinyl chloride by the Transcat process is shown in Figure 3. 

Carbon tetrachloride can also be made by the direct chlorination of methane (see process description and flow sheet on p. 299) and recycling the unreacted and partially reacted products. 

To obtain a systematic organization of the material balance for a complex process of this type, a tentative equipment flow sheet was prepared (Fig. 3-2). This was coded by letter for each key operation, for example, B for chlorination, D for acid concentration, etc. All the equipment conveniently associated with the key operation was numbered, for example, B-1, B-2, etc. A study of this diagram will be helpful in following this particular plan of execution. 

Figure 11.19 shows the process flow sheet for a pilot-scale fluidized bed gasifier, capable of processing some 20 kg/h of biomass feed, coupled with a thermal cracker and reformer reactor. The reformer is loaded with fluidizable nickel-based reforming catalyst and fitted with gas analysis ports at its inlet and outlet. The system has been used to evaluate catalyst activity and the decay of hydrocarbon conversion with time from a slip stream sample of the raw fuel gas. In this way, it is possible to quantify the frequently reported phenomenon of commercial catalyst deactivation, sometimes quite rapid, from high activity of fresh samples to lower residual activity brought about by various factors, including the presence of poisons (sulphur, chlorine) and coke formation. 

Chlorine produced by the various processes, especially by electrolysis, is saturated with water vapor at high temperature and may also contain brine mist and traces of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and is normally at atmospheric pressure. Before the chlorine can be used, it must be cooled, dried, purified, compressed, and where necessary, liquefied. A simplified flow sheet is shown in Figure 78. 

Operation of the collection system below atmospheric pressure facilitates the purging of chlorine vessels, pipes, etc. The risk of corrosion in dry chlorine installations by moisture from the treatment system must be excluded. The most commonly used and recommended reagent is caustic soda. The effluents are treated in an absorption system, such as packed absorption towers, venturi scrubbers, etc. An example of a flow sheet for a large plant is shown in Figure 85. 

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