Red rice

Crop rotations are important in rice, especially where weedy/red rice is problematic and difficult to control during rice cropping seasons. In order to suppress weedy rice, nearly all rice in Louisiana is grown either in a 1 1 rotation with soybean or a 1 1 1 rotation where crawfish (Procambarus clarkia) are double-cropped following rice, with soybean produced the following season [34]. In 2012, greater than 70% of Arkansas rice was produced in rotation with soybean, with most of the remaining production in a rice-rice rotation [39]. In California, approximately 70% of rice is produced in a rice-fallow or rice-rice rotation [40],... 

It seems that in cereals and dicots, ethylene does not influence germination in the same manner. For example, in intact caryopses of red rice or in wild oat, ethylene does not affect germination inception but rather stimulates the rate of growth of nascent seedling or speeds up the very slow growth of the radicle, respectively... 

F%. 15. Plot on the discriminant functions of LDA. 3 categories (white rice, red rice, rainy rice). 12 variables (total lipids, rough proteins, fatty acids). (Adapted from Ref. )... 

Chinese red rice products include natural HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (primarily lovastatin) and are used as cholesterol-lowering agents. 

A 50-year-old man presented with joint pain and muscle weakness in his upper right arm (59). His history was unremarkable, except for the fact that he had started taking a Chinese red rice preparation 3 months earlier, 1 month before the onset of symptoms. He was instructed to stop taking this medicine, and 3 weeks later his symptoms had completely resolved. 

Smith DJ, Ohve EO. Chinese red rice-induced myopathy. South Med J 2003 96 1265-7. 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with azithromycin, bosentan, ciprofibrate, clarithromycin, clopidogrel, cyclosporine, erythromycin, fosamprenavir, fusidic acid, gemfibrozil, imatinib, itraconazole, lopinavir, niacin, quinine, red rice yeast, telithromycin, verapamil... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with amiloride, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, ampicillin, anisindione, anticoagulants, armodafinil, atorvastatin, azathioprine, azithromycin, bacampicillin, basiliximab, bezafibrate, bosentan, bupropion, carbenicillin, caspofungin, cholestyramine, clarithromycin, cloxacillin, co-trimoxazole, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, daclizumab, danazol, dicloxacillin, dicumarol, digoxin, diltiazem, disulfiram, echinacea, erythromycin, ethotoin, etoposide, ezetimibe, flunisolide, fluoxymesterone, fluvastatin, foscarnet, fosphenytoin, gemfibrozil, hemophilus B vaccine, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, imatinib, imipenem/cilastatin, influenza vaccines, ketoconazole, lanreotide, lopinavir, lovastatin, mephenytoin, methicillin, methoxsalen, methylphenidate, methylprednisolone, methyltestosterone, mezlocillin, mizolastine, mycophenolate, nafcillin, nisoldipine, NSAIDs, orlistat, oxacillin, penicillins, phellodendron, phenytoin, pravastatin, prednisolone, prednisone, pristinamycin, ranolazine, red rice yeast, rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine, ritonavir, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, sirolimus, spironolactone, St John s wort, sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfonamides, tacrolimus, telithromycin, tenoxicam, testosterone, ticarcillin, tolvaptan, trabectedin, triamterene, troleandomycin, ursodeoxycholic acid, vaccines, vecuronium, warfarin, zofenopril... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with dicumarol, oral anticoagulants, raloxifene, red rice yeast, ritonavir, warfarin... 

Monascus spp. have been used as foods and medicines in the Orient for over 1000 years (Wong, 1982). In China and Taiwan, it has been called "Hong Qu," "Hon-Chi," "Anka," or "Ang-kak" using the Chinese or Taiwanese phonetic alphabet. The Japanese use the name "Beni Koji" or "red Koji." In the United States and Europe, it has been called "red rice," "red-mold rice," or "red Chinese rice." Many publications and commercial products use "red yeast rice," which is not an appropriate name for filamentous fungi. 

Rhyu, M. R., Kim, D. K., Kim, H. Y., and Kim, B. K. 2000. Nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat tlroracic aorta induced by aqueous extract of red rice fermented with Monascus ruber. J. Ethnopharmacol. 70(1), 29-34. 

Four new compounds [pitholide A (32), B (33), C (34) and D (35)], whose structure includes the core austdiol (31), on. Aspergillus metabolite, were isolated as red oils from the culture medium of Pithomyces sp. from which the (/ )-5-methylmellein (21a) was identified. The extraction yields of these four substances were respectively 4.0, 3.9,1.0 and 1.1 mg/1. Their structures were elucidated by the usual spectroscopic methods. Some related pigments have Iready been identified from terrestrial fungi. They are presumably responsible for the color of red rice, which is used as a colorant for certain foods and beverages in Asia [74]. 

Solid-state fermentation was documented as long as 1000 years BC in Chinese Confucius classics, where the use of soy sauce was mentioned [1]. This art of food production spread out and influenced many other Asian countries, where it is presently used to produce a variety of foods, beverages, and related products chiang, sufu, soy sauce, red rice, tempe, ontjom, tape ketan and tape ketella, miso, hamanatto, natto, sake, and nata de pina, among others [5]. 

It is estimated that, on average, weed infestation in tropical rice areas accounts for 10-20% of yield loss, but there are studies that show that some problem weed species, such as red rice Oryza saliva ssp.) and barnyard grass Echinochloa crus-galli), can cause even higher losses. Red rice (the term red rice is used synonymously for weedy rice because its grains frequently have a red pigmented pericarp) is in the same genus and species as cultivated conventional rice, which makes it very difficult to eliminate in rice fields. Fisher and Ramirez [30, 31] found that a 5% density of red rice decreased conventional rice yields by up to 40%. 

Talbert, Interference of red rice (Ory2M sativa) with rice (O. sativa). 

Fisher, A. Ramirez, Red rice (Oryza sativa) Competition studies for management decisions, Int. J. Pest Manage., 39 (2), 133-138 (1993). 

Red yeast rice has been known for a long time. Its first application was described in China during the Tang dynasty in the eighth century, but, needless to say, not as a cholesterol dmg. Red rice was used as a dye, spice and preservative in food, and during the production of rice wine to speed up fermentatioa In Southeast Asia, red yeast rice is still a common food. Records of some medical applications were found from the Ming dynasty (fourteenth to seventeenth century) from a medicine book that recommended it to help blood circulation and digestion. 

Fig. 3.26 Chicken, spinach, red rice—a healthy meal (Copyright-free Wikipedia picture)...

Nevertheless, the business has never been beher. These natural products can be sold without significant restrictions in many parts of the world (for example in the European Union), despite their confirmed content of active substances that also have serious side effects. A daily dose of a typical product is 1.2-2.4 g, which may contain 5-10 mg of monacolin K. This amount was proven to lower cholesterol levels in clinical tests. The cost of the treatment can vary greatly for both prescription drags and dietaiy supplements, but average costs per day are similar. From a strictly scientific point of view, red rice products do not have advantages over medicines, but they may be more ahractive to patients, especially those who are prejudiced against medicines. However, the amount of active substances in dietary... 

Tests showed that although side effects of red rice products are not more common or more severe than those of competitor medications, safety issnes must be considered very carefully. Red rice has been tested under controlled conditions on fewer people that the pure active substances in medicines. Another cause for caution is that the known side effects of drags have to be registered by authorities, whereas no similar obligation exists for dietary supplements. Side effects may very easily remain hidden or totally unrecognized, especially if they only develop in the long term, which makes establishing causahty difficult. 

Other Potential Adsorbents. While activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent, in the past 10 years considerable attention has been directed towards low-cost biosorbents. Activated carbon is expensive, and an alternative inexpensive adsorbent could drastically reduce the cost of an adsorption system. Many waste or naturally occurring materials have been investigated to assess their suitability. For water pollution control, the use of low-cost natural materials for the removal of copper has been studied for several materials. Other potential sorbents include peat, anaerobically digested sludge, kaolin and montmorillonite clay, treated bagasse, treated acacia bark, treated laurel bark and treated techtona bark, fly ash, Penicillium spinulosum, dyestuff-treated (Red) rice hulls and dyestuff-treated (Yellow) rice hulls, resins moss Catymperes delessertii Besch, water hyacinth (Eichomia crassipes), Rhizopus arrhizus, Cladosporium resinae and Penicillium italicum, tea leaves, amorphous iron hydroxide, and activated carbon. 

Weeds that resemble crops. In some cases, broad spectrum weed control is allowing previously less important species, genetically close to the crop, to flare for example. Johnsongrass in com and sorghum, red rice in cultivated rice, and wild mustard in canola. Herbicide selectivity then becomes harder to achieve. 

---