Penicillium spinulosum

Finally, a very useful and industrially interesting epoxidation which deserves special attention is the stereospecific epoxidation of cis-propenylphosphonate. Eighteen species of Penicillium, one of Oidium and one of Paecilomyces were found to effect this reaction, which affords directly (-)-fosfomycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Using the strain Penicillium spinulosum MB 2843 at optimum culture conditions, a 90 % efficiency (based on olefin charged, 0.5 g If1) was obtained after 6 days, leading to a product claimed to be optically pure11481. 

Isolation of a chitosan degrading fungus, Penicillium spinulosum, and chitosanase production by the isolate ... 

A chitosan degrading fungus was isolated from chitosan and then identified as Penicillium spinulosum by the International Mycologjcal Institute, England. The isolate was used for the production of chitosanase in a salts medium with either chitosan or Rhizopus cell walls as the sole carbon source. Chitosanase was produced under all the conditions tested, however better yields were obtained by using Rhizopus cell walls. 

A chitosan degrading fungus, Penicillium spinulosum was isolated from chitosan and maintained on YPG agar excluding peptone (11). 

Figure 1. Chitosanase production by Penicillium spinulosum. The data points were the mean values of two separate experiments. ( 0.1% chitosan, I J 0.3% chitosan, S 0.1% Rhizopus cell waU, 0.3% Rhizopus cell wall)...

CgHsOj, Mr 184.15, purple-red cryst., mp. 203 °C, poorly soluble in water. A tetraketide from Penicillium spinulosum and P. cinerascens as well as Aspergillus fumigatus with antibiotic properties. 

Once the problems of product toxicity were surmounted by sophisticated process engineering, microbial epoxidation of alkenes became also feasible on an industrial scale [1153, 1154]. The latter was achieved by using organic-aqueous two-phase systems or by evaporation for volatile epoxides. For instance, the epoxy-phosphonic acid derivative fosfomycin [1155], whose enantiospecific synthesis by classical methods would have been extremely difficult, was obtained by a microbial epoxidation of the corresponding olefinic substrate using Penicillium spinulosum. 

Other Potential Adsorbents. While activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent, in the past 10 years considerable attention has been directed towards low-cost biosorbents. Activated carbon is expensive, and an alternative inexpensive adsorbent could drastically reduce the cost of an adsorption system. Many waste or naturally occurring materials have been investigated to assess their suitability. For water pollution control, the use of low-cost natural materials for the removal of copper has been studied for several materials. Other potential sorbents include peat, anaerobically digested sludge, kaolin and montmorillonite clay, treated bagasse, treated acacia bark, treated laurel bark and treated techtona bark, fly ash, Penicillium spinulosum, dyestuff-treated (Red) rice hulls and dyestuff-treated (Yellow) rice hulls, resins moss Catymperes delessertii Besch, water hyacinth (Eichomia crassipes), Rhizopus arrhizus, Cladosporium resinae and Penicillium italicum, tea leaves, amorphous iron hydroxide, and activated carbon. 

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