Penicillium italicum

Fruit Decay. Finally in the field of diseases are the decays of fruit in transit. Much of the Brazilian fruit is exported, giving a long period from harvest to utilization and in Argentina a slow rail transport plus the use of uninsulated metal cars adds to the problem. Stem-end rot (Diaporthe citri Wolfe and Diplodia natalen-sis Pole-Evans) plus blue and green molds (Penicillium italicum, Wehmer, and P. digitatum, Sacc.) are rampant, and while the Dowicide A (sodium orthophenyl phe-nate)-Hexamine (hexamethylenetetramine) treatment worked out in Florida is satisfactory, import difficulties stand in the way of obtaining needed materials. 

The fungal bioconversion of limonene was further studied [82]. Penicillium sp. cultures were isolated from rotting orange rind that utilised limonene and converted it rapidly to a-terpineol. Bowen [83] isolated two common citrus moulds, Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum, responsible for the postharvest diseases of citrus fruits. Fermentation of P. italicum on limonene yielded cis- and frans-carveol (93) (26%) as main products, together with cis- and from-p-mentha-2,8-dien-l-ol (110) (18%), (+)-carvone (94) (6%), p-mentha-1,8-dien-4-ol (111) (4%), perillyl alcohol (100) (3%), p-menth-8-ene-1,2-diol (98) (3%), Fig. (17). Conversion by P. digitatum yielded the same products in lower yields. The two alcohols />-mentha-2,8-dien-1 -ol (110) and p-mentha-1,8-dien-4-ol (111) were not described in the transformation studies where soil Pseudomonads were used [69]. 

In a recent extensive overview on the biotransformation of terpenoids by Aspergillus spp., Noma and Asakawa [92] also mentioned a sixth pathway of limonene bioconversion the hydroxylation at the C-4 position to give / -mentha-1,8-dien-4-ol (111), Fig. (20), a compound also identified earlier as one of the bioconversion metabolites of limonene with Penicillium italicum [83]. In this review, the fifth pathway, leading to isopiperitenol (113) which is further oxidised to isopiperitenone (112) and its rearrangement product, piperitenone (114) is also discussed. 

Matamoros-Leon, B., Argaiz, A. and Lopez-Malo, A. (1999) Individual and combined effects of vanillin and potassium sorbate on Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium glabrum, and Penicillium italicum growth. Journal of Food Protection 62, 540-542. 

Ishii and Yokotsuka recently used pectin lyases from Aspergillus sojae 170, 171, 172) and Aspergillus japonicus (173) for the enzymatic clarification of fruit juices. This is discussed later in this review. Bush and Codner 174) compared the pectin lyases produced by Penicillium digi-tatum and Penicillium italicum and found them remarkably similar. Both were endo acting, had optimal activities at pH 5.5, and had the same K. The pectin lyase from F. italicum, however, was less stable than that of F. digitatum. Spalding and Abdul-Baki 175) reported the production of a pectin lyase by Penicillium expansum growing on apple tissue or a pectin-polypectate mixture. 

Photoreaction on (-i-) limonene (orange oil) produces mixed isomers, first couple of fractions canbe used to create active CBl agonists see Schenck 1964. cfs-p-Menth-2-ene-l,8,-diol and mixed isomers from a culture of Penicillium italicum andP digitatum (moldy oranges) see Bowen (1975). 

The major metabolite of Penicillium italicum Wehmer, which causes the familiar blue mould on citrus fruits, is deoxybrevianamide E (25) a minor metabolite was shown to be 12,13-dehydrodeoxybrevianamide E, and a third metabolite is suspected to be (26), i.e. the indole analogue of austamide, although direct comparison with authentic material was not possible. 

Sanchez-Gonzalez, L., Chafer, M., Chiralt, A., Gonzalez-Martinez, C. 2010a. Physical properties of edible chitosan films containing bergamot essential oil and their inhibitory action on Penicillium italicum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82 277-283. 

Pectin lyase from Penicillium italicum UF membrane unit MBR Production of pectic oligosaccharides 38... 

TBZ is primarily fungistatic and of special interest because of its effectiveness against Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Diplodia natalensis and Gloeosporium species which led to its use for the protection of citrus fruits and... 

Other Potential Adsorbents. While activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent, in the past 10 years considerable attention has been directed towards low-cost biosorbents. Activated carbon is expensive, and an alternative inexpensive adsorbent could drastically reduce the cost of an adsorption system. Many waste or naturally occurring materials have been investigated to assess their suitability. For water pollution control, the use of low-cost natural materials for the removal of copper has been studied for several materials. Other potential sorbents include peat, anaerobically digested sludge, kaolin and montmorillonite clay, treated bagasse, treated acacia bark, treated laurel bark and treated techtona bark, fly ash, Penicillium spinulosum, dyestuff-treated (Red) rice hulls and dyestuff-treated (Yellow) rice hulls, resins moss Catymperes delessertii Besch, water hyacinth (Eichomia crassipes), Rhizopus arrhizus, Cladosporium resinae and Penicillium italicum, tea leaves, amorphous iron hydroxide, and activated carbon. 

Penicillium italicum Fungi PDA, 8 days, 22°C >1,000 Arras and Usai (2001)... 

Buchholtz, L., 1875. Antiseptika und Bakterien. Archiv experim. Pathologie Pharmakologie, 4 1-82. Caccioni, D.R., M. Guizzardi, D.M. Biondi et al., 1998. Relationship between volatile components of citrus fruit essential oils and antimicrobial action on Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 43 73-79. 

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