Rice fields

Virtually anywhere water contacts organic matter in the absence of air is a suitable place for methanoarchaea to thrive—at the bottom of ponds bogs and rice fields for example Marsh gas (swamp gas) IS mostly methane Methanoarchaea live inside termites and grass eating animals One source quotes 20 L/day as the methane output of a large cow... 

Up until 1986 the major use for 2-j -butylphenol was in the production of the herbicide, 2-j -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol [88-85-7] which was used as a pre- and postemergent herbicide and as a defoHant for potatoes (30). The EPA banned its use in October 1986 based on a European study which showed that workers who came in contact with 2-j -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol experienced an abnormally high rate of reproduction problems. Erance and the Netherlands followed with a ban in 1991. A significant volume of 2-j -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol is used worldwide as a polymerization inhibitor in the production of styrene where it is added to the reboiler of the styrene distillation tower to prevent the formation of polystyrene (31). OSBP is used in the Par East as the carbamate derivative, 2-j -butylphenyl-Ai-methylcarbamate [3766-81-2] (BPMC) (32). BPMC is an insecticide used against leaf hoppers which affect the rice fields. 

Twenty-two cases of endosulfan poisoning were reported in people exposed while spraying cotton and rice fields the dermal route of exposure was assumed to be the primary route of exposure (Singh et al. 1992). The assumption was based on the fact that those spraying rice fields, and who suffered cuts over the legs with the sharp leaves on the rice plants exhibited the more severe toxicity. Three out of the 22 cases exhibited tremors and 11 presented convulsions all patients recovered. 

Lueders T, B Wagner, P Claus, MW Friedrich (2004a) Stable isotope probing of rRNA and DNA reveals a dynamic methylotroph community and trophic interactions with fungi and protozoa in oxic rice field soil. Environ Microbiol 6 60-72. 

H. A. Akers, Isolation of the siderophore schizokinen from. soil of rice field. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45 1704 (1983). 

Acylanilides (abbreviated as anilides in this article) are generally used as selective pre- and/or post-emergence herbicides in paddy rice fields. The herbicidal activity of the anilides is similar to those exhibited by the auxin-like plant growth regulators. 

The principal degradation products of bifenox are the free acid, 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoic acid, and the amino derivatives, methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)anthranilate and its free acid, in flooded soil. A free acid is observed in nonflooded soil. When [ " C]chlomethoxfen was used to treat rice field soil, chlomethoxfen was extensively transformed into unextractable products with organic solvents however, the amine, the A-demethylated compound and the formyl-amino and acetylamino compounds were isolated and identified as the metabolites of chlomethoxfen. ... 

The method was developed/validated using two typical rice field soils (alluvial soil and volcanic ash soil). In the extraction efficiency study, a soil sample that had been incubated for about 8 months under flooded conditions after addition of... 

In fields where some weeds were cleared using herbicides, other, more herbicide-resistant, species have appeared, such as common horsetail, coltsfoot, foxtail, wild oats, false wheat, etc. As a result of herbicide use, scratchweed, which cannot be destroyed by any herbicide, is making inroads into cereal crops, and chamomile has taken over rapeseed [6]. Using herbicides on rice fields caused the spread of wild, pesticide-resistant, low-yield forms of red-grain rice. 

Hollis JP Jr. 1985. Hydrogen sulfide in Louisiana rice fields. Acta Phytopathologica Academie Scientarium Hungaricae 20 321-326. 

Sass RL, Fisher FM, Harcombe PA, Turner FT. Mitigation of methane emissions from rice fields Possible adverse effects of incorporated rice straw. Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 1991 5 275-287. 

Bossio DA, Horwath WR, Mutters RG, van Kessel C. Methane pool and flux dynamics in a rice field following straw incorporation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1999 31 1313-1322. 

Kruger M, Eller G, Conrad R, Frenzel P. Seasonal variation in pathways of CH4 production and in CH4 oxidation in rice fields determined by stable carbon isotopes and specific inhibitors. Global Change Biol. 2002 8 265-280. 

Conrad R. Control of microbial methane production in wetland rice fields. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 2002 64 59-69. 

Denier van der Gon HAC, van Breemen N, Neue HU, Lantin RS, Aduna JB, Alberto MCR, Wassmann R. 1996. Release of entrapped methane from wetland rice fields upon soil drying. Global Biogeochem. Cycl. 1996 10 1-7. 

Wassmann R, Buendia LV, Lantin RS, Bueno CS, Lubigan LA, Umali A, Nocon NN, Javellana AM, Neue HU. Mechanisms of crop management impact on methane emissions from rice fields in Los Banos, Philippines. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 2000 58 107-119. 

Lindau CW, Bollich PK, DeLaune RD, Patrick WH, Law VJ. Effect of urea and environmental factors on CH4 emissions from a Louisiana, USA rice field. Plant Soil. 1991 136 195-203. 

Banger K, Tian H, Lu C. Do nitrogen fertilizers stimulate or inhibit methane emissions from rice fields Global Change Biol. 2012 18 3259-3267. 

Hou AX, Chen GX, Wang ZP, Van Cleemput O, Patrick Jr WH. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice field in relation to soil redox and microbiological processes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2000 64 2180-2186. 

Ma K, Qiu Q, Lu Y. Microbial mechanism for rice variety control on methane emission from rice field soil. Global Change Biol. 2010 16 3085-3095. 

Myttenaere, C., Bordeau, P. and Bittel, R. (1969a). Relative importance of water and soil in the indirect radiocaesium and radiocobalt contamination of irrigated rice fields, page 175 in Agricultural end Public Health Aspects of Environmental Contamination by Radioactive Materials, IAEA Publication No. STI/PUB/226 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna). 

Pastor D, Sanpera C, Gonzalez-Solis J, Ruiz X, Albaiges J (2004) Factors affecting the organochlorine pollutant load in biota of a rice field ecosystem (Ebro delta, NE Spain). Chemosphere 55(4) 567-576... 

The relative importance of both activities is well reflected on the population labor distribution per activity 70% is dedicated to agriculture and 15% to shellfish production [14] however, these two activities are not very compatible. Aquatic organisms are currently being exposed to multiple chemical and environmental stressors with different mechanisms of toxicity, each contributing to a final overall adverse effect [16]. Recently, the shellfish farmers in the Ebro River delta have complained about a loss of production in the periods of rice cultivation that they attribute to the heavy pesticide loads discharged after rice field treatment, and this has raised also public concern about the quality of the water in this area. 

This high agriculture activity compromises the chemical and ecological status of the Ebro delta. Pesticides used in the area migrate into the delta building up, together with the pollution produced by some industries, a contamination that can be dangerous to its both fauna and flora, and this contamination increases when water from the rice fields is drained into the delta [17]. 

Albufera de Valencia, Spain 21,000 total 18,000 rice The rice fields and pine groves surrounding it form an ecological unit of high tourist, economic, and scientific interest. It is one of the humic zones included in the Convention on Wetlands and it was declared a Nature Reserve in 1986 [17, 34]... 

Comoretto L, Arfib B, Talva R et al (2008) Runoff of pesticides from rice fields in the lie de Camargue (Rhone river delta, France) field study and modeling. Environ Pollut 151 486—493... 

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