Readout and Control System

The BPIX readout system is organized into 64 independent readout groups consisting of analog and digital opto-hybrid circuits which serve 8,12 or 16 modules and provide communication between the detector and the front-end modules in the underground 

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The barrel part of the CMS pixel detector was developed, designed and built at the Paul Scherrer Institute in cooperation with ETH Zurich and the University of Zurich. In this chapter, the main components of the CMS pixel barrel (BPIX) detector are introduced. An overview of the detector design and the mechanical structure is given, followed by a detailed description of the detector module and its main building blocks. In the last section, the readout and control system of the BPIX detector is explained. 

Figure 7.6 presents an overview of the pixel readout and control system. A detailed description can be found in [7]. The system provides a very complex functionality and consists of three main parts an analog read-out link from the BPIX modules to the front-end drivers (FED), a digital control link from the pixel front-end controller (pxFEC) to the modules and a slow control link from a standard front-end controller (FEC) to the supply tube to configure the readout electronics hosted on the supply tube. The individual components of the pixel readout and control system are described in more detail in the following. 

The BPIX readout and control system consists of three main parts (see Sect. 7.3) the analog readout link between the modules and the FED, the digital control link between the modules and the pxFEC and the slow control link between the CCUs and the trFEC. At P5 the FED and FEC boards are installed in different VME crates in the CMS underground service room. Since one crate of electronic boards is controlled by one PC, the software used for communication is implemented as a distributed system. 

Two control and instrument panels are mounted at the front of the trailer near the water and reagent tanks. One panel contains pressure and level displays and pump controls. The second panel contains temperature readout and controls. Controls for the hydrauhc oscillation system and hydraulic nuts are in a panel on the side of the trailer. Two electrical distribution panels at the back of the trailer contain circuit breakers and other electrical equipment. 

The cockpit will grow into an interactive space that may include a heads-up display and/or hehnet visor display. Alternatively, a big picture approach has been suggested in which the entire cockpit display area is one large reconhgurable element that integrates system readouts and controls. Reconfiguration is important where flight mode determines the cockpit display needs. 

The LIMS computer is located on the site, and several terminals may be provided for entry of data from notebooks and instrument readouts and for the retrieval of information. Bar coding for sample tracking and access codes for laboratory personnel are part of the system. Instruments may be interfaced directly with the LIMS computer to allow direct data entry without help from the analyst. The LIMS may also incorporate statistical methods and procedures, including statistical control and control chart maintenance. See Workplace Scene 6.4. 

This chapter includes two different sensor system architectures for monolithic gas sensing systems. Section 5.1 describes a mixed-signal architecture. This is an improved version of the first analog implementation [81,91], which was used to develop a first sensor array (see Sect. 6.1). Based on the experience with these analog devices, a complete sensor system with advanced control, readout and interface circuit was devised. This system includes the circular microhotplate that has been described and characterized in Sect. 4.1. Additionally to the fabrication process, a prototype packaging concept was developed that will be presented in Sect. 5.1.6. A microhotplate with a Pt-temperature sensor requires a different system architecture as will be described in Sect. 5.2. A fully differential analog architecture will be presented, which enables operating temperatures up to 500 °C. 

The chip is a standalone microsensor system that does not need any external measurement equipment for sensor control and readout. The sensor system chip has been connected to a computer via an f C-to-USB converter box, i.e., in this box is a microcontroller that translates the I C format coming from the chip into USB format for the computer or laptop. The power supply of the chip is also provided by the USB connection. The sensor system can be read out directly by a microcontroller and is, therefore, well suited for handheld devices or distributed sensor networks. 

Instructions should direct the user to the necessary information for assessing and controlling the situation. This may be a trend graph on a computer terminal or a current condition readout on an indicator. Sometimes the process data may no longer be available from the automatic control system,... 

The SIT vidicon is a unique and useful spectroscopic detector. Among the most important properties of the SIT vidicon are two-dimensional detection, high sensitivity, and rapid signal recovery. The flexibility of the SIT vidicon detection system is a result of the nature of the signal readout and its compatibility with an on-line computer for control, data acquisition, and data processing and is valuable for research and other nonroutine applications. This flexibility allows the detector to be used in a number of modes and with various degrees of temporal and spatial resolution as demonstrated by the applications described in this paper. 

In addition to a local station alarm, radiation monitoring systems should have central (i.e., control room or radiation monitoring office) readout and alarm panels that are accessible after a DBA to evaluate internal conditions. 

Droplet-based Lab-on-a-Chip devices represent a class of microfluidic systems that have been developed to miniaturize chemical, biochemical, or cellular analysis. These devices utilize various droplet dispensing and manipulatiOTi mechanisms to isolate and control liquid-phase droplets of samples and/or reagents surrounded by a gas or an immiscible liquid. The droplets may be completely surrounded by the medium or may be placed onto a solid surface whose material properties are chosen to provide droplet confinement, chemical functionalization, or control of droplet motion. The devices also have some type of assay readout method with associated hardware, software, and data display. 

Clearly, there has been substantial research into droplet formation and control methods. Although these droplet manipulation methods are critical to the development of Lab-on-a-Qiip systems, integration issues associated with the readout method for particular analytical techniques also represent significant challenges. Thus, in the following section, we describe the research findings associated with droplet Lab-on-a-Chip systems that implement real analytical methods. 

In accordance with the acceptance criteria of SRP 12.3.4 Revision 2 the area radiation and airborne radioactivity monitoring systems shall have readouts and annunciation provided in the control room. 

Since the RMS includes (a) a portable airborne iodine monitor, (b) continuous post accident gaseous effluent monitoring for noble gases, iodine and particulates, (c) containment high radiation monitors, (d) radiation monitors for areas requiring post-accident access to safety equipment, and (e) control room readouts and annunciation, this issue is resolved for the System 80+ Standard Design. 

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