Signal readout

Another type of flow artifact is due to voxel inflow and outflow problems large velocities make a spin leave its designated voxel in the time between signal encoding and signal readout. As the traveled distance d and the velocity v are related by the expression d = vt, it is obvious that the effect is more severe, the smaller the voxel size is. Slow velocities, on the other hand, may be masked by diffusive displacements. 

Smaller pore sizes require a better spatial resolution, i.e., smaller voxels, which in turn conflict with a good signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, field distortions at material boundaries then become more significant and even spins with moderate velocities will leave their designated voxel in the time between phase encoding and signal readout. 

In most infrared measurements situations, the detector constitutes the limiting noise source. Because the resulting fluctuations have the same effect as a fixed uncertainty in the signal readout, they appear as a constant error in the transmittance . [4]... 

Moreover, the HTRF signal readout minimizes the instances of compound interference in HTS the ratiometric signal measurement overcomes the influence of highly coloured compounds while the time-resolved fluorescence detection discards... 

The silicon intensified target (SIT) vidicon has a number of unique properties which make it a valuable detector for atomic spectroscopy. The SIT vidicon provides two-dimensional photoelectric detection with high sensitivity and rapid signal readout. Time resolution can be obtained in a time-resolved (real time) mode on the millisecond scale and in a time-gated (equivalent time) mode on the submicrosecond scale. 

The SIT vidicon is a unique and useful spectroscopic detector. Among the most important properties of the SIT vidicon are two-dimensional detection, high sensitivity, and rapid signal recovery. The flexibility of the SIT vidicon detection system is a result of the nature of the signal readout and its compatibility with an on-line computer for control, data acquisition, and data processing and is valuable for research and other nonroutine applications. This flexibility allows the detector to be used in a number of modes and with various degrees of temporal and spatial resolution as demonstrated by the applications described in this paper. 

TABLE 3.1 Common Signal Readout in Ligand-Binding Assays... 

In contrast to the cleavage system, another detection system has used DN Azymes to facihtate DNA Ugation for the detection of Cu " (77). Unlike the cleavage-based DNAzymes, the hgation-based DNAzymes can ligate two DNA sequences into one piece in the presence of Cu, which can lead to the permanent assembly of DNA-AuNPs. The signal readout of this method is also based on an easily observed red to blue color change (LOD z... 

Direct-computation methods, on which most kinetic analyzers rely, use one or more signal readouts to calculate generally the sought reaction rate. 

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