External measures

External measurements indicate that the setting expansion is approximately 0.4%. A water bath technique adds another 0.6 to 0.8% expansion when 100% coUoidal sihca is used. 

As an example, a tank farm that is to be cathodically protected by this method is shown schematically in Fig. 11-4. As can be seen in the figure, injection of the protection current occurs with two current circuits of a total of about 9 A, via 16 vertically installed high-silicon iron anodes embedded in coke. These are distributed over several locations in the tank farm to achieve an approximately uniform potential drop. The details of the transformer-rectifier as well as the individual anode currents are included in Fig. 11-4. Anodes 4, 5 and 6 have been placed at areas where corrosion damage previously occurred. Since off potentials for 7/ -free potential measurements cannot be used, external measuring probes should be installed for accurate assessment (see Section 3.3.3.2 and Chapter 12). 

External measuring probes were installed at the pipeline wall entrance points. The potentials of the measuring probes and the currents flowing between the probes... 

Power is the external measure of the mixer performance. The power put into the system must be absorbed through friction in viscous and turbulent shear stresses and dissipated as heat The power requirement of a system is a function of the impeller shape, size, speed of rotation, fluid density and viscosity, vessel dimensions and internal attachments, and posidon of the impeller in this enclosed system. 

It is not possible to calculate the in-line concentrations and slip velocity from purely external measurements on the pipe, i.e. a knowledge of the rates at which the two components are delivered from the end of the pipe provides no evidence for what is happening within the pipe, It is thus necessary to measure one or more of the following variables ... 

The external measurement of UV/visible spectra principally allows the tracing of other quantities at the same time, such as conductivity, pH, and gas con-... 

The chip is a standalone microsensor system that does not need any external measurement equipment for sensor control and readout. The sensor system chip has been connected to a computer via an f C-to-USB converter box, i.e., in this box is a microcontroller that translates the I C format coming from the chip into USB format for the computer or laptop. The power supply of the chip is also provided by the USB connection. The sensor system can be read out directly by a microcontroller and is, therefore, well suited for handheld devices or distributed sensor networks. 

Parametric uncertainty A great number of bacterial species carry out the transformations of organic load and nutrients in wastewater treatment processes without direct or easily comprehensible relationships between the microbial populations and viability. The role of each bacterial species is fuzzy [30], and aspects such as cellular physiology and its modeling are not easily understood from external measurements [18], [68]. As a first consequence, the kinetics of these transformations is often poorly or inadequately known [66]. Extensive efforts to model the kinetics have been undertaken, but these have not been successful to elucidate how yield coefficients, kinetic parameters and the bacterial population distribution change as a function of both, the influent composition and the operating conditions. 

Durian is one of the most commercially important fresh fruits in S.E. Asia, yet sorting immature from mature fruit by external measures is very difficult, so it is a prime candidate for non-invasive methods. Yantarasri and co-workers have sought correlations between soluble solids and sensory estimates of maturity with X-ray CT and NIRS measurements with moderate success but more recently they observed that MRI spin-echo image contrast at 0.5 T varied with the degree of maturity. Unfortunately no attempt was made to quantify relaxation time changes or separate oil-water peaks. However it was suggested that the contrast differences indicated signihcantly lower oil content in unripe durian compared to the ripe and overripe fruit. 

It is usually not possible or practical to control a given system input at an exact level in practice, most inputs are controlled around set levels within certain factor tolerances. Thus, controlled system inputs exhibit some variation. Variation is also observed in the levels of otherwise constant system outputs, either because of instabilities within the system itself (e.g., a system involving an inherently random process, such as nuclear decay) or because of the transformation of variations in the system inputs into variations of the system output (see Figures 2.17 and 2.18) or because of variations in an external measurement system that is used to measure the levels of the outputs. This latter source of apparent system variation also applies to measured values of system inputs. 

Ti, or PEEK (polyether ether ketone) to allow measurements under very corrosive conditions. The separated phases pass AMX gadgets for on-line detection (radiometric, spectrophotometric, etc.) or phase sampling for external measurements (atomic absorption, spectrometric, etc.), depending on the system studied. The aqueous phase is also provided with cells for pH measurement, redox control (e.g., by reduction cells using platinum black and hydrogen, metal ion determination, etc.) and temperature control (thermocouples). 

The ALIS quench method for dissociation rate measurement uses little protein and requires no biochemical assay for its implementation, yet the method readily yields quantitative values for the dissociation rates of the protein-ligand complexes. The technique can be used with pools of ligands to provide a quantitative rank ordering of the dissociation rates of all the components of the mixture. Since it is not necessary to know the exact concentrations of the ligands under study, the dissociation rate assessment can be performed using impure compounds, such as unpurified compound mixtures derived from combinatorial chemistry synthesis. The method does not require a foreknowledge of active protein concentration to measure and rank ligands based on their rates of dissociation. As such, the technique is self-contained and does not rely upon an external measure of protein activity as one of its input parameters. 

Garnett, E.S., Fimau. G., Chan, P.K., et al. [18F]Fluoro-dopa an analogue of dopa, and its use in direct external measurements of storage, degradation, and turnover of intracerebral dopamine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 464-467, 1978. 

A carrier thermally released from the trap into the transport band may be either retrapped by the same species of traps or a different one and, under the influence of an electric field, may contribute to an externally measurable current. It may either be swept out of the region being probed or recombined with a recombination center. Some of the electrons may even overcome the work function barrier and leave the solid. The traffic of these carriers from traps to the recombination centers or out of the material can be monitored at various stages, and thus, information on the thermal emission rates can be obtained indirectly. 

Refinement of the poker chip test to include a center load cell in one of the bonded plates is reported by Harbert 40). Figure 19 shows the stress-strain curves generated by external measurement as well as the failure point determined by the center load cell. 

In rockets, the chamber pressure is the pressure developed as a result of burning of solid or liquid proplnts in the combustion chamber. It is usually measured thru the injector face or near the injector end of the thrust chamber by providing a small passage for the gas to press against some external measuring device(Ref 5)... 

The external measurement circuit (see Fig. 5.6) needs to handle three major tasks the modulation of the light source with a specific frequency the measurement of the resulting photocurrent with a necessary amplification and signal conditioning and the calculation and adjustment of the dc-bias voltage to operate the LAPS at a desired working point. The external electronic unit is therefore connected between the rear-side contact and the reference electrode. Furthermore,... 

The hypnotic state is a psychological construct or, if induction has been successful, an experiential reality to the hypnotized person. It is not defined by external measurements. There are no obvious behavioral manifestations that clearly indicate hypnosis has occurred and no known physiological changes that invariably accompany hypnosis. The hypnotic procedure, on the other had, the words that they hypnotist says aloud, is highly amenable to physical measurement. An investigator can film the hypnotic procedure, tape-record the hypnotist s voice, measure the sound intensity of the hypnotist s voice, and accumulate a variety of precise, reproducible physical... 

Aside from the selectivity criterion that is essential to all ion specific electrodes, the principal objective of applied design is to physically and chemically control the phase and interphase boundaries across the multiple layers that comprise the electrode structure. The conduction path of electrical charge across all the phases including the solid conductors and external measurement circuitry, as well as the chemical charge across polymeric and solution phases, may be represented by the schematic illustrated in Figure 4. 

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