Effectiveness research

Y. Shimizu and co-workers, "Life Span Study Report 11, Part 1, Comparison of Risk Coefficients for Site-Specific Cancer MortaUty," Technical Report RERF-TR-12-87, Radiation Effect Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan, 1987. 

V. B. Voulk ia Toxicology of Metals, Vol. 2, Environmental Health Effects Research Series PB 268 324, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. reproduced by National Technical Information Service, May 1977, pp. 370—383. 

Mid-Continent Ecology Division Laboratory National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory... 

The ECOTOXicology database is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants and wildlife. ECOTOX integrates three toxicology effects databases AQUIRE (aquatic life), PHYTOTOX (terrestrial plants), and TERRETOX (terrestrial wildlife). These databases were created by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development (ORD), and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laborator) (NHEERL), Mid-Continent Ecology Division... 

Manual of Analytical Methods, J. F. Thompson, Ed. Quality Assurance Section, Chemistry Branch, EPA, Environmental Toxicology Division, Pesticides, Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. 

EPA 1978e. Teratology and acute toxicity of selected chemical pesticides administered by inhalation. Research Triangle Park, NC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Health Effects Research Laboratory. EPA-600/1-78-003 NTIS PB-277 077. 

The following sections therefore review both pictures and numerical approaches that can help to communicate how value can best be created by R D, despite uncertainty. Because of all the uncertainties involved in predicting the future, and predicting what might be learned from different kinds of research, all effective research performance models must explicitly incorporate assumptions about sources and levels of uncertainty. We believe that this is the single most important area for improvement in research simulations. 

Sturm R, Uniitzer J, Katon W (1999). Effectiveness research and implications for study des n sample size and statistical power. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 21, 274—83. 

In the Unites States, the daily intake of 3-carotene is around 2 mg/day Several epidemiological studies have reported that consumption of carotenoid-rich foods is associated with reduced risks of certain chronic diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. These preventive effects of carotenoids may be related to their major function as vitamin A precursors and/or their actions as antioxidants, modulators of the immune response, and inducers of gap-junction communications. Not all carotenoids exert similar protective effects against specific diseases. By reason of the potential use of carotenoids as natural food colorants and/or for their health-promoting effects, research has focused on better understanding how they are absorbed by and metabolized in the human body. 

D. V. Aurand, R. Jamail, M. Sowby, R. R. Lessard, A. Steen, G. Henderson, and L. Pearson. Goals, objectives, and tbe sponsor s perspective on tbe accomplishments of tbe chemical response to oil spills Ecological effects research forum (CROSERF). In Proceedings Volume. API et al Int Oil Spill Conf (Tampa, FL, 3/26-3/29), 2001. 

Otake M, Schull W. 1984. Mental retardation in children exposed in utero to the atomic bombs A reassessment. Technical Report RERF TR 1-83, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Japan. 

Wells, K. B. (1999). Treatment research at the crossroads the scientific interface of clinical trials and effectiveness research. Am. ]. Psychiatry, 156(1), 5-10. 

Geller AM Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research, Triangle Park, NC The mechanisms, location, and severity of the effects of lead exposure on the mammalian retina National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences... 

Department of Epidemiological Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 730,... 

Boettner EA, Ball GL, Hollingsworth Z, Aquino R (1982) Report OH EPA-600/SL-81-602. Health Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency,... 

The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Health Effects Research, Contract Mo. DE-AC04-76EV01013, for the writing of this manuscript and for supporting part of the research reviewed. 

Disclaimer This chapter has been reviewed by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 

ASTER. 1995. ASTER Ecotoxicity Profile -Hexane. Duluth, MN US. EPA Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division. 

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