Western Canada

In Western Canada there are more than 40 injection schemes. The first of these, the Chevron Acheson, near Edmonton, Alberta, began in 1989 and continues in operation today (Lock, 1997). Most of these injection schemes are quite small. About 80% are less than 5 MMSCFD. However, the largest is licensed to inject about 30 MMCFD. The composition of the injected gas ranges from essentially pure COz to essentially pure H2S and most everything in between. Injection pressures (the pressure at the wellhead) range from 4 000 to 13 000 kPa (600 to 1900 psia). Well depths are typically between 1000 and 3000 m (3,300 and 9,800 ft), with the deepest at about 3500 m (11,500 ft). 

A few small injection schemes in Western Canada have been described in the literature in some detail. These include West 

Pembina, Alberta (Lock 1997), Wayne-Rosedale, Alberta (Ho et al. 1996), Puskwaskau, North Normandville, West Culp, and Rycroft, all in Alberta (Maddocks and Whiteside, 2004). 

Most of these are merely for the disposal of the acid gas, but not all. For example, in 2002 Dominion Energy Canada Ltd commissioned an acid-gas flood for its West Stoddart field near Ft. St. John, BC, Canada. In this flood, 2.5 MMSCFD of acid gas that is a 75% H2S and 25% C02 mixture is injected into a producing reservoir. The acid-gas mixture is delivered from a multistage compressor to an injection well via a 2.25-km long pipeline. 

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In most of the rest of the world the olefins industry was originally based on naphtha feedstocks. Naphtha is the dominant olefins feedstock in Europe and Asia. In the middle 1980s several large olefins complexes were budt outside of the United States based on gas Hquids feedstocks, most notable in western Canada, Saudi Arabia, and Scotiand. In each case the driving force was the production of natural gas, perhaps associated with cmde oil production, which was in excess of energy demands. 

Almost two-thirds of the world s copper resources are porphyry deposits. The term porphyry is generally appUed to a type of disseminated copper deposit that is hydrothermal in origin and characterized by a large proportion of minerals uniformly distributed as disseminations or in fractures and small veins. Copper contents are generally 1% or less. The most extensive porphyry deposits are located in western Canada, the southwestern United States, Mexico, and western South America. In addition to the porphyrys, there are large bedded copper deposits in Germany, Poland, the CIS, AustraUa, and central Africa. 

Kinunins, J.P. Feller, M.C. Effect ofclearcutting and broadcast slashbuming on nutrient budgets, streamwater chemistry and productivity in Western Canada. XVI lUFRO World Congress Proc. Div. 1 1976,... 

Blais JM, Schindler DW, Muir DCG, et al. 1998. Accumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds in mountains of western Canada. Nature 395 585-588. 

Gummer WD. 1980. Pesticide monitoring in the prairies of Western Canada. In Afghan BK, McKay D, eds. Hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons in the aquatic environments. New York, NY Plenum Press, 345-372. 

Bachu S. and Shaw J.C. C02 storage in oil and gas reservoirs in western Canada effect of aquifers, potential for C02-flood enhanced oil recovery and practical capacity. 

Friesen, L.F., Nelson, A.G. and Van Acker, R.C. (2003). Evidence of contamination of pedigreed canola (Brassica napus) seedlots in western Canada with genetically engineered herbicide resistance traits . Agron J, 95, 1342-1347. 

This manual is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Grant MacEwan (1902-2000), our college namesake, whose outstanding lifetime achievements and selfless service to the people of Western Canada, continue to be an inspiration to young and old alike. 

Fig. 1. Location of the Shiko Lake mineral property in western Canada.

The Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), renowned for their hydrocarbon resources, are seldom considered to have potential to host base metal sulphide mineralization. These sedimentary rocks have also discouraged those who presumed that the Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield to the east and north are more favourable hosts of base metal mineralization (ctMacqueen 1997). 

Paradis, S., Turner, W.A., Coniglio, M., Wilson, N. Nelson, J.L. 2006. Stable and radiogenic isotopic signatures of mineralized Devonian carbonates of the Northern Rocky Mountains and the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In Hannigan, P.K. (ed) Potential for carbonate-hosted lead-zinc Mississippi Valley-type mineralization in northern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories Geoscience Contributions,... 

The Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin hosts immense unconventional natural gas hydrate reserves that are often co-located with conventional petroleum resources. Osadetz et al. (2005) reported that the conventional resources are co-located with an immense gas hydrate resource estimated between 2.4 x 1012 and 87 x 1012 m3 of raw natural gas. Because the expected decline in conventional natural gas production from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin cannot be replaced by conventional production from frontier regions alone, this immense hydrate resource offers a solution to replace the expected decline in conventional gas reserves. 

This paper deals with three different proposed protected areas that are in different stages with respect to their NRAs Edehzhie (Horn Plateau), Ts ude niline Tu eyeta (Ramparts), Sambaa K e (Trout Lake). Thus for the three areas different issues and/or stages will be highlighted. All three areas lie (at least partly) within the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. 

Paulen, R.C., 2009. Sampling techniques in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and the Cordillera. In R.C. Paulen I. McMartin (eds.), Application of Till and Stream Sediment Heavy Mineral and Geochemical Methods to Mineral Exploration in Western and Northern Canada, Geological Association of Canada, GAC Short Course Notes 18, 41-59. 

Youngs, C. G. In "Oilseeds and Pulse Crops in Western Canada -A Symposium" Western Cooperative Fertilizers, Ltd. Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1977 Chap. 27. 

Grain legumes have also been processed into refined starch (10,11) and protein isolates (12,13,14) by procedures derived from the traditional corn starch and soybean protein industries (15). However, comparative data on product yields, composition and losses have not been published. A commercial plant for the wet processing of field pea into refined starch, protein isolate and refined fiber has been established in Western Canada. Little is known about the characteristics of the protein isolate or refined fiber product. Water-washed starch prepared from the air-classified starch fractions of field pea (16,17) and fababean (6) have been investigated for certain physico-chemical and pasting properties. Reichert (18) isolated the cell wall material from soaked field pea cotyledons and determined its fiber composition and water absorption capacity. In addition, the effects of drying techniques on the characteristics of pea protein Isolates have been determined (14). 

Hodgson, G. W., 1954, Vanadium, Nickel and Iron Trace Metals in Crude Oils of Western Canada American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 38, pp. 2537-2554. 

Chen Y Fernando WGD (2006) Prevalence of pathogenicity groups of Leptosphaeria maculans in western Canada and North Dakota, USA. Can J Plant Pathol 28 533-539... 

Kutcher HR, Keii M, McLaren DL, Rimmer SR (2007) Pathogenic variabihty of Leptosphaeria maculans in western Canada. Can J Plant Pathol 29 388-393... 

Relatively uniform concentrations of POCs along an altitudinal transect suggest the absence of significant local sources. For example, concentrations of pesticides in the air of mountains in Western Canada [32], which are further from the source regions than are the Sierra Nevada Mountains from the Californian Central Valley, have a weak or absent relation to elevation, hinting at LRT as the dominant... 

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