Ranking the Potential

The most important aspect of a near miss incident is the quantification and ranking of the incident s degree of potential. The degree of potential could be  

These are the common terms of probability, severity, and frequency. A simple method of ranking the potential of a near miss is to ask the following questions  

---

Rao PSC, Hornsby AG, Jessup RE. 1985. Indices for ranking the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater. Proceedings of the Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida 44 1-8. 

Gold LS, Backman GM, Hooper NK, et al. 1987. Ranking the potential carcinogenic hazards to workers from exposures to chemicals that are tumorigenic in rodents. Environ Health Perspect 76 211-219. 

As a group, rank the potential contribution, or effect, of each input on each output. Use 0, 1, 3, 5, or 9, with 0 as no impact on the output, and 9 as maximum impact. It s important that all team members share the dehnitions associated with the ratings. Enter the results in the body of the matrix. For example, the DVD-by-mail team believes the Distribution Center Locale input has a signihcant impact on both the Quick Delivery and the DVD Selection outputs, so they rated these effects a 9. 

Ground Water Pathway. The ground water pathway ranks the potential for pollutant exposure to occur from contaminated ground water. If actual ground water contamination has not been detected, but there is contamination in soil or surface water, there is a potential for ground water contamination to occur in the future. The following factors are scored to obtain a ground water pathway score ... 

E. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes are part of the system created by the NFPA for identifying and ranking the potential fire hazards of materials. The system has three principal categories of hazard health (H), flammability (F), and reactivity (R). Within each category, hazards are ranked from four (4), indicating a severe hazard, to zero (0), indicating no... 

As Sooknah et al. put it, this model is actually a measure to indicate the potential degree of severity of MIC under existing conditions. This model ranks the potential for MIC on a scale from 0 to 100. An index value between 0 and 25 exhibits a low potential/low degree of severity, whereas values between 51 and 75 are considered as high and values between 76 and 100 as very high potential/ high degree of severity. The mathematical format of this index is as follows ... 

It is important that proper interviews be conducted of the consultants who have made the final cut. Make sure that the following items are part of evaluating and ranking the potential consnltants ... 

A risk assessment of near miss incidents recalled should be done to rank the potential loss, the severity of the loss, and the frequency at which the loss may occur. The ranking of the near miss incident also will determine whether the rectification should receive an A priority, a B priority, or a C priority. 

At our company, we are committed to the implementation and maintenance of a near miss reporting/rectification system so that everyone can identify and report near misses, unsafe acts/conditions, rank the potential, and prescribe corrective action to reduce risk. By getting to the near miss incidents, potential losses can be prevented before rather than after the event. 

A collection of databases of chemicals and of functional groups which rank chemicals and groups relative to their reactivity, stability, toxicity, and flammability categories. This would assist in the evaluation of the potential benefits of substituting one, somewhat safer, chemical for another. 

QRA is generally resource intensive. FEIR, is much less although it uses the framework of QRA for screening and ranking systems by relative risk using order-of-magnitude estimates of the frequencies and consequences of events. It incorporates plant experience and industry data to estimate the potential for future losses. 

Different materials pose different hazards, including thermal radiation, explosion overpressure, and toxic and flammable vapor clouds. Some materials pose only one hazard, while others may pose all four. For the purposes of ranking facilities you will need to estimate the laigest area affected by the potential hazards. You can arrive at such an estimate by calculating the greatest downwind distance to a particular level of hazatd. The following thresholds are commonly applied ... 

Facilities can be ranked based on the sum of the maximum hazard distances for each release. Only one hazard distance should be used for each release, even if there is the potential for more than one hazard (thermal radiation, explosion overpressure, toxic cloud and flammable vapor cloud). The highest-ranked facility will be the one whose potential releases would reach the greatest total distance. 

Keep in mind, however, that ranking facilities on this basis does not account for the impact of the potential hazards on surrounding communities. It may be that your most hazardous facilities are located in remote, unpopulated areas where there is little probability of any injuries outside the plant perimeter. 

Display and compare electrostatic potential maps for methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and trifluoroethanol. Identify the acidic sites as those where the potential is most positive and, assuming that the more positive the potential the more acidic the site, rank the acidities of the compounds. Does increased alkyl substitution have a significant effect on acid strength What is the effect of replacing the methyl group in ethanol by a trifluoromethyl group Why Do you find a correlation between the most positive value of the potential and the experimental pKa ... 

Examine the eleetrostatic potential map of eaeh nueleophile (enamine, silyl enol ether, lithium enolate and enol) with emphasis on the face of the nucleophilic alkene carbon. Rank the nucleophiles from most electron rich to least electron rich. What factors are responsible for this order (Hint For each molecule, consider an alternative Lewis structure to that given above that places a negative charge on the nucleophilic carbon.)... 

Nucleophilicity is determined by HOMO energy the higher the energy the more reactive the nucleophile. HOMO energies (in au) for these nucleophiles are -0.275 (enamine), -0.266 (lidiium enolate), -0.337 (silyl enol ether), and -0.339 (enol). Rank the nucleophiles from most reactive to least reactive. How does this ranking compare to that based on electrostatic potential ... 

The potentials of the metals in their 1 mol U salt solution are all related to the standard or normal hydrogen electrode (NHE). For the measurement, the hydrogen half-cell is combined with another half-cell to form a galvanic cell. The measured voltage is called the normal potential or standard electrode potential, E° of the metal. If the metals are ranked according to their normal potentials, the resulting order is called the electrochemi-... 

In such a case the last choice is to take the direction of the eigenvector of the only one nonzero eigenvalue of the rank one Hessian matrix of the difference between the two adiabatic potential energies [51]. In the vicinity of conical intersection, the topology of the potential energy surface can be described by the diadiabatic Hamiltonian in the form... 

Administration Building. To reduce the risk from the potential blast that could occur from either gas compression/reaction or feed purification/vaporization, safety film was installed over the windows, a catch system was provided to capture flying window fragments, and overhead fixtures were secured. This reduced the risk ranking for the administration building to IV. 

One of the mandates of the Agency forToxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, Section 104(i)(3), or Superfund) is to address the potential for adverse effects on public health resulting from lead exposure. Lead has been identified as a contaminant in at least 1,026 of the National Priorities List (NPL) sites and is currently ranked first on the Priority List of Hazardous Substances (ATSDR 1996a). Consequently,... 

It has been argued that using several A parameters A0, A(,. .., L one can perform several mutation studies simultaneously in so-called competitive binding experiments [57]. This approach allows the calculation of AAy for any two ligands and rapid ranking of compounds according to their binding affinity. In this case, the potential U is defined as... 

The presence of a transporter can be assessed by comparing basolateral-to-apical with apical-to-basolateral transport of substrates in polarized cell monolayers. If P-gp is present, then basolateral-to-apical transport is enhanced and apical-to baso-lateral transport is reduced. Transport experiments are in general performed with radioactively labeled compounds. Several studies have been performed with Caco-2 cell lines (e.g. Ref. [85]). Since Caco-2 cells express a number of different transporters, the effects measured are most probably specific for the ensemble of transporters rather than for P-gp alone. P-gp-specific transport has been assayed across confluent cell layers formed by polarized kidney epithelial cells transfected with the MDR1 gene [86], Figure 20.11 shows experimental data obtained with these cell lines. A rank order for transport called substrate quality was determined for a number of compounds [86]. The substrate quality is a qualitative estimate, but nevertheless allows an investigation of the role of the air/water (or lipid/water) partition coefficient, log Kaw, for transport as seen in Fig. 20.11(A). For most of the compounds, a linear correlation is observed between substrate quality and log Kaw- However, four compounds are not transported at all despite their distinct lipophilicity. A plot of the substrate quality as a function of the potential of a... 

The stability of a carbanion (or ion pair) is increased by certain substituents and decreased by others. It is possible to rank the various structures in an order of increasing stability of the carbanion just as was done for carbonium ions. It will be recalled that our information about carbonium ions does not suffice for a prediction of the effect of temperature changes on the relative stabilities, and that it is unknown to what degree an increase in stability actually reflects a decrease in potential energy. The situation is similar in the case of carbanions the precise relationship of the stabilities is an unknown function of the temperature. It is also likely that the effects of structural changes are somewhat dependent on the solvent. Nevertheless it is possible to make valuable qualitative comparisionsof the various structures and to interpret them in terms of resonance and other potential energy quantities. 

Each such region must have one or more local minima, Vmin, at which the potential reaches its most negative values. These have often been used, with some success, to identify and rank sites with regard to reactivity toward electrophiles [5-8]. The converse - taking local maxima as indicative of susceptibility to nucleophilic attack - is not, however, valid. Pathak and Gadre have shown that the only maxima of V(r) are those associated with the nuclei [9] these do not correlate with reactivity. 

---