Lateral transport

Particulate matter that reaches the seafloor becomes part of the blanket of sediments that lie atop the crust. If bottom currents are strong, some of these particles can become resuspended and transported laterally until the currents weaken and the particles settle back out onto the seafloor. The sedimentary blanket ranges in thickness from 500 m at the foot of the continental rise to 0 m at the top of the mid-ocean ridges and rises. Marine scientists refer to this blanket as the sedimentary column. Like the water column, the sediments contain vertical gradients in their physical and chemical characteristics. Similar to the vertical profile convention used in the water column, depth in the sediments is expressed as an increasing distance beneath the seafloor. 

Hydrothermal venting injects fluids into seawater as buoyant, jetlike pliunes. These turbulent flows mix rapidly with seawater becoming diluted by factors of lO" to 10. This mixing eventually makes the plumes neutrally buoyant, after which they are transported laterally through the ocean basins as part of the intermediate and deepwater currents. Hydrothermal plumes have the potential to greatly affect seawater chemistry. From global estimates of hydrothermal fluid emissions and dilution ratios, a volume of seawater equivalent to the entire ocean can be entrained in the hydrothermal plumes every few thousand years. 

PAHs have been detected in groundwater either as a result of migration directly from contaminated surface waters or through the soil (Ehrlich et al. 1982 WIson et al. 1986). Fluorene from an abandoned creosote pit was found to migrate through sand and clay into groundwater (WIson et al. 1986). PAHs have also been shown to be transported laterally within contaminated aquifers (Ehrlich et al. 1982). 

A device structure with a lateral current-injection scheme is shown in Fig. 1.13(c). The current is transported laterally in both the n-type and p-type cladding layers. Light is generated in the region between the contacts where the extraction is not hindered by contacts. If the n-type sheet resistance Qn / tn is much lower than the p-type sheet resistance op/ip, the current prefers to flow laterally in the low-resistance n-layer rather than the p-layer. As a result, the junction current crowds near the p-type contact. 

Uchino et al. [84] cloned and characterized an apical PAH transporter isolated from human kidney, named NPTl. NPTl was first identified as a low affinity sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, later it was characterized as an organic anion transporter. In human embryonic kidney cells transfected with NPTl, PAH, urate, benzyl penicillin, faropenem, estradiol-P-glucuronide are transported, and PAH uptake can be inhibited by various organic anions. NPTl does not function as an organic anion exchanger, and thus is... 

Electronic signals in nerve cells travel by means of metal-ion transport laterally in and out of the axon. Such transmembrane transport of ions is fundamental to cell biology, and attempts to mimic it artificially laid the foundation of supramolecular chemistry. Early studies in molecular recognition by Lehn in the 1970s explored the use of crown ethers as mimics of cyclic peptide ionophores like valinomycin, which bind cations selectively in their internal cavities. Natural ionophores act as antibiotics by upsetting the ionic balance across bacterial cell walls. 

FASST Fly America s Supersonic Transport (later, Federation of Americans Supporting Science and Technology)... 

In this review, we first describe the canonical RA pathway in vertebrates, whose components include proteins responsible for RA prodnction, degradation, and transport. Later, we discuss recently described alternative mechanisms of RA function, followed by a summary of the main developmental functions of RA signaling in vertebrates. We conclude by comparing the available data on RA in vertebrates with the latest information on RA signaling obtained from non-vertebrate animal models. 

Most of the heat in the active center is transferred to the exchange gas the amount transported laterally through the membrane is about 50 times smaller when using helium gas. The temperature-dependent heat capacity Cq can be determined from the respective measurements with the empty calorimeter system it proved to be about 100 nj at 100 K, increasing monotonously to 200 nJ at 600 K. With these parameters and a given heating rate, the unknown heat capacity C(T) of the sample can be calculated. For a detailed description of the thermal behavior and the temperature distribution in such a nanocalorimeter system and the theoretical background of the evaluation procedure, see Minakov et al. (2006, 2007). 

Very fine mineral particles precipitate by a rapid mixing of hydrothermal solution with seawater and transport laterally, affected by ocean current. Vertical settling of mineral particle from the plume is controlled by Stokes equation... 

---