Dosimetry and Radiation Protection

Applications include the use of radionuclides in geo- and cosmochemistry, dating by nuclear methods, radioanalysis, the use of radiotracers in chemical research, Mossbauer spectrometry and related methods, the use of radionuclides in the life sciences, in particular in medicine, technical and industrial applications and investigations of the behaviour of natural and man-made radionuclides, in particular actinides and fission products, in the environment (geosphere and biosphere). Dosimetry and radiation protection are considered in the last chapter of the book. 

The network s secretariat is shared by IAEA and WHO, with the Agency s Dosimetry Laboratory (DOL) functioning as the network s central laboratory. Support to the Network is given by most of the major national laboratories, by international bodies, e.g. BIPM, ICRU, lEC, OIML and by an SSDL Scientific Committee. Today the Network comprises 50 laboratories, 36 of them located in developing countries. Most of them are equipped with modem instrumentation including radiation generators and secondary standard dosemeters (with air kerma and/or exposure calibration factors) suitable for therapy and radiation protection dose rate levels. 

SNL maintains plans and procedures, as described in the RPPM (SNL 1998a), to control personnel radiation exposures. These include administrative limits, radiological practices, dosimetry, and respiratory protection. The SNUNM radiation-protection program for on-site exposures of personnel is described in the SNL RPPM. Radiation exposures to workers in special categories, such as those who have declared pregnancy and those who receive higher doses in emergency situations are strictly limited and monitored. 

The ICRP (1994b, 1995) developed a Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection, which contains respiratory tract deposition and clearance compartmental models for inhalation exposure that may be applied to particulate aerosols of americium compounds. The ICRP (1986, 1989) has a biokinetic model for human oral exposure that applies to americium. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) has also developed a respiratory tract model for inhaled radionuclides (NCRP 1997). At this time, the NCRP recommends the use of the ICRP model for calculating exposures for radiation workers and the general public. Readers interested in this topic are referred to NCRP Report No. 125 Deposition, Retention and Dosimetry of Inhaled Radioactive Substances (NCRP 1997). In the appendix to the report, NCRP provides the animal testing clearance data and equations fitting the data that supported the development of the human mode for americium. 

NCRP. 1997. Deposition, retention and dosimetry of inhaled radioactive substances. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measures. Bethesda, MD. Report No. 125. http //www.ncrp.com. 

Castren 0., Winqvist K., Makelainen 1 and Voutilainen, A., 1984, Radon Measurements in Finnish Houses, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 7, 33-337. 

A Passive Integrating Radon Dosemeter Combining Activated Charcoal and TLD, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 5, 241-245. 

Stranden E., Kolstad A.K. and Lind B., 1984, The Influence of Moisture and Temperature on Radon Exhalation, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 7, 55-58. 

Swedjemark G.A. and Mj0nes L., 1984, Radon and Radon Daughter Concentrations in Swedish Hones, Radiation Protection Dosimetry,... 

Castren, 0., K. Winqvist, I. Makelainen and A. Voutilainen, Radon measurements in Finnish houses. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 7 333- 336 (1984). 

Urban, M. and E. Piesch, Low Level Environmental Radon Dosimetry with Passive Track Etch Detector Device, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1 97-109 (1981). 

Steinhausler,F. and E. Pohl, Lung Cancer Risk for Miners and Atomic Bomb Survivors and its Relevance to Indoor Radon Exposure, Radiation Protection Dosimetry Vol.7, No.1-4 389-394 (1983). 

Lloyd, D.C., and R.J. Purrott, Chromosome Aberration Analysis in Radiological Protection Dosimetry, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1 19-29 (1981). 

Chameaud, J., Masse, R. and Lafuma, J., Influence of Radon Daughter Exposure at low Doses on Occurrence of Lung Cancer in Rats, in Radiation Protection Dosimetry Indoor Exposure to Natural Radiation and Associated Risk Assessment, (Clemente, G., F. et al, eds) pp.385-388, Nuclear Technology Publishing, Anacapri (1983). 

Since 1925, The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements at Bethesda, Maryland has been publishing reports updating the definitions and units for measurements of various radiation-related quantities. Of these ICRU Reports, special mention may be made of reports no. 19 (1971) [radiation quantities and units], 33 (1980) [radiation quantities and units], 36 (1983) [microdosimetry], 47 (1992) [thermoluminiscent dosimetry], and 51 (1993) [radiation protection dosimetry]. A succinct description of various devices used in dosimetry, such as ionization chambers, chemical and solid-state dosimeters, and personnel (pocket) dosimeters, will be found in Spinks and Woods (1990). In this section, we will only consider some chemical dosimeters in a little detail. For a survey of the field the reader is referred to Kase et at, (1985, 1987), McLaughlin (1982), and to the International Atomic Energy Agency (1977). Of the earlier publications, many useful information can still be gleaned from Hine and Brownell (1956), Holm and Berry (1970), and Shapiro (1972). 

Kathren, R.L., The United States transuranium and uranium registries 1968-1993, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 60, 349, 1995. 

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry, ICRU Report 51 Bethesda, Maryland, 1993. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation, ICRU Report 60, Bethesda, Maryland, 1998. Wambersie A. Menzel H.G. Gahbauer R.A. Jones D.T.L. Michael B.D. Paretzke H. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2002, 99, 445. 

SC 46-10 Assessment of Occupational Doses from Internal Emitters SC 46-11 Radiation Protection During Special Medical Procedures SC 46-13 Design of Facilities for Medical Radiation Therapy SC 57 Dosimetry and Metabolism of Radionuclides SC 57-2 Respiratory Tract Model SC 57-9 Lung Cancer Risk SC 57-10 Liver Cancer Risk SC 57-14 Placental Transfer SC 57-15 Uremium... 

Standards and Measurement of Radioactivity for Radiological Use-Medical and Biological Applications Biological Aspects of Radiation Protection Criteria SC 40-1 Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry... 

Chatterjee A, Magee JL (1985) Theoretical investigation of the production of strand breaks in DNA by water radicals. Radiat Protect Dosimetry 13 137-140 Deeble DJ, von Sonntag C (1984) y-Radiolysis of poly(U) in aqueous solution. The role of primary sugar and base radicals in the release of undamaged uracil. Int J Radiat Biol 46 247-260 Deeble DJ, von Sonntag C (1986) Radiolysis of poly(U) in oxygenated solutions. Int J Radiat Biol 49 927-936... 

Wright HA, Magee JL, Hamm RN, Chatterjee A, Turner JE, Klots CE (1985) Calculations of physical and chemical reactions produced in irradiated water containing DNA. Radiat Protect Dosimetry 13 133-136... 

Schery, S. D., Holford, D. J., Wilson, J. L., and Phillips, F. M. (1988). The flow and diffusion ofradon isotopes in fractured porous media Part 2, Semi-infinite media. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 24(1/4), 191-197. 

SC 91-1 Precautions in the Management of Patients Who Have Received Therapeutic Amounts of Radionuclides SC 91-2 Radiation Protection in Dentistry SC 92 Public Policy and Risk Communication SC 93 Radiation Measurement and Dosimetry... 

Keller, G., Folkerts, K.H. Muth, H. (1982) Methods for the determination of222Rn (radon) and 220Rn (thoron) exhalation rates using alpha spectroscopy. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 3, 83-9. 

Roed, J. (1987) Dry deposition in rural and in urban areas in Denmark. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 21, 33-6. 

Eckerman, K., Leggett, R., and Williams, L., An elementary method for solving compartmental models with time-dependent coefficients, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Vol. 41, 1992, pp. 257—263. 

Harduin JC, Cogema LH, Beaumont-Hague FP. 1994. Uptake and urinary excretion of uranium after oral administration in man. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 53(l-4) 245-248. 

ICRP. 1966. International Commission for Radiation Protection. Task group on lung dynamics, depositions and retention models for internal dosimetry of the human respiratory tract. Health Phys 21 173-207. 

Walinder G. 1989. Metabolism and sites of effects of uranium after incorporation along different routes in mice, rabbits and piglets. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 26(l/4) 89-95. 

The units used in radiation dosimetry are summarized in Table 22.1. The energy dose and the ion dose are also used in radiation chemistiy, whereas the equivalent dose is only applied in radiation biology and in the field of radiation protection. 

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