Radiation protection characteristics

It is recommended to pay attention to the following points, in addition to complying with the limits and objectives mentioned in Section 8-2-1  

The presence of a policy for the minimization of the solid, liquid and gaseous waste. 

The consideration, in the design, of the simplification and optimization of the plant decommissioning from a radiological point of view. 

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Based on research, it may be inferred that RubCon with lead-containing filler has high radiation protective characteristics and practically universal chemical stability. 

Although the presented results prove the efficiency of radioscopy, this system have certain characteristics which justify to develop and employ further process integrated testing systems. One of this characteristics is that the integration of radioscopy in industrial applications is doubtful because of reasons of radiation protection. This means, that the results from radioscopy should rather be used to fit other systems (acoustic emission analysis or temperature analysis) for industrial applications. 

At first, the program which investigated the packaging of irradiation-- processed foods, concentrated on the most advanced type of container, the tinplate can. It had performed successfully for a century as a container for thermoprocessed foods. However, as a container for the irradiation-processed foods, its physical, chemical, and protective characteristics had to be evaluated, including the effects of radiation on enamels and end-sealing compounds. This container was satisfactory for packaging foods that were irradiation sterilized while unfrozen (1, 2). 

Smaller nuclear accidents included the Hanford, California, americium incident in 1976. In an explosion, a laboratory worker was exposed to radiation that required years of treatment (Breitenstein 1991 Brown 1983). Posttraumatic stress symptoms did not develop. Protective characteristics of the person included being a male older than 40 years and having occupational experience, above average intelligence, no history of mental health problems, religious belief,... 

It is expected that in the future lead-containing compounds will be used only in special applications where it will be difficult to find substitutes with the same physical and chemical characteristics, production costs and possibility of recycling. At the present stage of technological development, it can be anticipated that lead will mostly be used in the field of radiation protection and in accumulators. 

ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND PLANT SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS RADIATION PROTECTION AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA... 

Nuclear applications of nanocapsules are related to the emitting physical properties of the encapsulated material. Emitted radiation can be electromagnetic of high energy (y), electrons or positrons (/3), alpha particles (" He nucleus), or fission products [67]. These emitters can be in themselves radioactive or can be activated by a nuclear reaction, usually a neutron capture. The particular advantage of carbon nanocapsules in nuclear applications is related to the protective characteristics that the carbon capsule confers to the interior product. Experiments on irradiation of fullerenes have shown that knocked carbon atoms from one cage are foimd in another fuUerene and even form dimers and trimers by a recoil-implantation mechanism [68]. The observed major damage of capsules in nanoencapsulated molybdenum irradiated in a nuclear reactor was produced by... 

Some basic knowledge of the structure and rearrangement procedures of unstable atoms, properties of radiation, characteristics of radiation detectors, and production of artificial radionuclides is helpful for the understanding of radiochemical methods and their application in analytical chemistry. Also, it has to be pointed out that for the use of radioactive materials not only do the principles of radiation protection have to be observed but also one has to follow strictly those rules that depend on the legislation of the relevant country. 

The key characteristics that need to be known about any radioactive material to plan the appropriate radiation protection measures are principal emissions and their energies half-life annual limit on intake (ALI) shielding requirement [e.g., halfvalue layer (HVL)] monitoring requirements and special considerations (e.g., physi-... 

Almost any type and size of reactor can do some instrument testing and calibrations, even if it is just for low level radiation protection instruments. Typically the work involves neutron and/or gamma ray detection instruments that need to be tested to ensure that they have the appropriate characteristics and need to be calibrated to ensure accurate readings. 

Auspicious safety culture includes some overwhelming characteristics such as transparency, quality assurance and priority of safety. Transparency means, among other things, that the obligation to protect individuals and society is written in legislation. It also means that the safety objectives are well formulated and that mass media and individuals have access to safety-related materials etc. The experts must have preparedness to explain to the public even the difficulties and problems of nuclear safety and radiation protection, such as the very low probability of severe accidents and low probability of cancer due to low doses. Good safety culture also means that all the relevant problems are properly solved and no major elements are pushed aside to the unknown future. 

On the basis of all the boundary conditions described above a licensing file has been elaborated consisting of the technical plant concept and a detailed description of the safety characteristics with main emphasis on radiation protection activities. The German local authority attested the licensability according to German regulations. This led to the initiation of the formal licensing procedure by the official application placed on December 28, 1995. 

General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for the Purpose of Practical Application of Radiation Protection... 

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIZING RADIATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF RADIATION PROTECTION... 

The type of reactor significantly influences needs for radiation protection. While most research reactors of low and medium power levels will have similar characteristics, some designs, in particular at higher power levels, should have particular radiation protection features and programmes. 

When a radioactive particle or photon strikes a substance, it is either absorbed by the substance or is scattered. Which one of these happens is determined by the form of the radiation, its energy, and the nature of the substance with which it interacts. Radiation protection is concerned with the effects of absorption of the radiation in the substance, because the mechanisms of absorption give rise to particular kinds of biological injury, and a knowledge of the characteristics of the radiation allows the selection of proper shielding. 

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