Radiation protection from internal

U.S. radiation protection guidelines are estabHshed by the National CouncH on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) and are based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The National Research CouncH also sponsors a report from its advisory committee on the biological effects of ionizing radiations (20). 

Since 1925, The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements at Bethesda, Maryland has been publishing reports updating the definitions and units for measurements of various radiation-related quantities. Of these ICRU Reports, special mention may be made of reports no. 19 (1971) [radiation quantities and units], 33 (1980) [radiation quantities and units], 36 (1983) [microdosimetry], 47 (1992) [thermoluminiscent dosimetry], and 51 (1993) [radiation protection dosimetry]. A succinct description of various devices used in dosimetry, such as ionization chambers, chemical and solid-state dosimeters, and personnel (pocket) dosimeters, will be found in Spinks and Woods (1990). In this section, we will only consider some chemical dosimeters in a little detail. For a survey of the field the reader is referred to Kase et at, (1985, 1987), McLaughlin (1982), and to the International Atomic Energy Agency (1977). Of the earlier publications, many useful information can still be gleaned from Hine and Brownell (1956), Holm and Berry (1970), and Shapiro (1972). 

Data from International Commission on Radiological Protection [ICRP] 1977, 1991a Hobbs and McClellan 1986 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation [UNSCEAR] 1988. 

Some cancers are caused by exposure to the sun or to naturally occurring radioactive isotopes. The estimated cancer incidence caused by these combined exposures is approximately 0.5 to 1.0 percent during a lifetime, with two-thirds of the exposure stemming from radon alone (Kocher and Hoffman 1991,1989 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement 1987,15,53 International Commission on Radiological Protection 1991, 188). 

SC 46-10 Assessment of Occupational Doses from Internal Emitters SC 46-11 Radiation Protection During Special Medical Procedures SC 46-13 Design of Facilities for Medical Radiation Therapy SC 57 Dosimetry and Metabolism of Radionuclides SC 57-2 Respiratory Tract Model SC 57-9 Lung Cancer Risk SC 57-10 Liver Cancer Risk SC 57-14 Placental Transfer SC 57-15 Uremium... 

As with other metals, barium is probably very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The International Commission for Radiation Protection (ICRP) estimates that the gastrointestinal absorption of barium is less than 5% (ICRP 1973). This percentage is supported by studies of two men whose daily input and fecal excretion were monitored for 50 weeks (Tipton et al. 1969). 

ICRP. 1995. International Commission for Radiation Protection. Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides Part 3, Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 69. 

Although potassium iodide does not protect the thyroid from external radiation, patients suffering from internal radioiodine contamination should receive potassium iodide to prevent or reduce thyroid uptake. To be effective, patients must receive the potassium iodide within a few hours after exposure (5,11). Compared to adults, children are more susceptible to the effects of radioiodine. Consequently, the Federal Drug Administration (15) and World Health Organization recommendations for administration of potassium iodide differ for children and adults. Table 4.6 contains the FDA recommendations for potassium iodide administration. 

Carmon B, Eliah Y. 1980. A relatively fast assay of Sr-90 by measuring the Cherenkov effect from the ingrowing Y-90. In , ed. Radiation Protection A systematic approach to safety Proceedings of the 5th congress of the International Radiation Protection Society, Jerusalem, March 1980. New York, NY Pergamon Press, Vol. 2, 889-1142. 

Steffens W, Mittelstaedt W, Fiihr F. 1980b. The transfer of Sr-90, Cs-137, Co-60 and Mn-54 from soils to plants results from Lysimeter experiments. In International Radiation Protection Society, ed. 

International Commission on Radiation Protection (1987) Annals of the ICRP, radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals, biokinetic models and data. ICRP publication 53, vol. 18, no. 1-4. Pergamon, Oxford... 

The International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) was formed in 1928 and has been the main international organization solely devoted to recommendations to prevent humans from being harmed by ionizing radiation. Their recommendations form the basis for national regulatory decisions. 

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