Application of radiation protection

General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for the Purpose of Practical Application of Radiation Protection... 

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIZING RADIATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF RADIATION PROTECTION... 

Although the presented results prove the efficiency of radioscopy, this system have certain characteristics which justify to develop and employ further process integrated testing systems. One of this characteristics is that the integration of radioscopy in industrial applications is doubtful because of reasons of radiation protection. This means, that the results from radioscopy should rather be used to fit other systems (acoustic emission analysis or temperature analysis) for industrial applications. 

SC-40 Biological Aspects of Radiation Protection Criteria SC-41 Radiation Resulting from Nuclear Power Generation SC-42 Industrial Applications of X Rays and Sealed Sources SC-44 Radiation Associated with Medical Examinations SC-45 Radiation Received by Radiation Employees SC-46 Operational Radiation Safety... 

Standards and Measurement of Radioactivity for Radiological Use-Medical and Biological Applications Biological Aspects of Radiation Protection Criteria SC 40-1 Atomic Bomb Survivor Dosimetry... 

The acceptance by society of risks associated with radiation is conditional on the benefits to be gained from the use made of radiation. Nonetheless, the risks must be restricted and protected against by the application of radiation safety standards. 

It is expected that in the future lead-containing compounds will be used only in special applications where it will be difficult to find substitutes with the same physical and chemical characteristics, production costs and possibility of recycling. At the present stage of technological development, it can be anticipated that lead will mostly be used in the field of radiation protection and in accumulators. 

Radiation detection instrumentation used in the HCF is calibrated and maintained by representatives of the ES H Center responsible for calibration of radiation protection instrumentation. Calibration due dates are monitored and instrument recall actions are typically initiated prior to expiration of the calibration due date. Instrumentation is replaced in the event of failure or malfunction. Specifics about the procedures used to calibrate instruments, the traceability of calibration standards, and applicable QA procedures are discussed in the ES H Manual Supplement, "Radiological Protection Procedures ManuaP (SNL 1998a). 

Some basic knowledge of the structure and rearrangement procedures of unstable atoms, properties of radiation, characteristics of radiation detectors, and production of artificial radionuclides is helpful for the understanding of radiochemical methods and their application in analytical chemistry. Also, it has to be pointed out that for the use of radioactive materials not only do the principles of radiation protection have to be observed but also one has to follow strictly those rules that depend on the legislation of the relevant country. 

The progress in experimental studies Is complemented by the development of biophysical models to describe radiation effects. Modeling plays an Important role for the mechanistic understanding of radiation action as well as for practical applications in radiation protection and radiotherapy. This section will thus give a brief overview over some basic concepts developed In particular to describe the biological action of heavy charged particle beams. 

This Safety Fundamentals publication presents the principles of protection and safety and explains the rationale for the application of radiation safety standards in a broad range of situations in which measures for protection and safety often differ in detail. 

A good operating culture associated with the application of the optimization principle should be established by ensuring that all participants in a project are aware of the general requirements for ensuring radiation protection and of the direct and indirect effects of their individual activities or functions on the provision of radiation protection for workers and the public. 

The radiation protection officer is an individual who is technically competent in matters of radiation protection relevant to the research reactor facility and who is designated by the operating organization to oversee the application of the requirements for radiation protection. One of the radiation protection officer s main responsibilities is to prepare and conduct the radiation protection programme. In this context, the radiation protection officer s functions may include ... 

The absorption of UV light by plastics results in discolouration, embrittlement and a marked fall-off in such physical properties as tensile strength, elongation at break and impact resistance. It is therefore obviously necessary to protect polymers from the degradative effects of UV radiation, particularly in the case of those plastics designed for outdoor service or certain severe indoor applications, such as wall coverings or guards for fluorescent tubes. As it is not usually practical to shield the plastics material from the source of radiation, protection is usually afforded by the inclusion of suitable additives in the polymer. 

The rate of heat transfer by radiation between two surfaces may be reduced by inserting a shield, so that radiation from surface 1 does not fall directly on surface 2, but instead is intercepted by the shield at a temperature Tsh (where 7, > T,h > T2) which then reradiates to surface 2. An important application of this principle is in a furnace where it is necessary to protect the walls from high-temperature radiation. 

Chromium makes up just 0.012% of the Earth s crust, yet it is an important industrial metal. The main use of chromium is in metal alloys. Stainless steel, for example, contains as much as 20% chromium. Nichrome, a 60 40 alloy of nickel and chromium, is used to make heat-radiating wires in electrical devices such as toasters and hair dryers. Another important application of chromium metal is as a protective and decorative coating for the surface of metal objects, as described in Chapter 19. 

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