Process equipment, Good

Laboratoiy procedures may need to be evaluated against the sampling techniques and materials involved in the toll. There may be new laboratoiy chemicals and hazards to be considered. This work may have been identified in the evaluation of special analytical techniques required for the process. A good practice is to ensure that the lab technicians have the necessaiy guidance and types of equipment on hand to monitor the process and waste streams accurately and safely. 

Inspections and tests are performed on the process equipment following recognized and accepted engineering practices. The inspection and test frequency is consistent with manufacturers recommendations, good engineering practices, and prior operating experience. 

In transporting this water through insulated pipes to the process equipment, it is good practice to allow a 2°F temperature rise when planning heat transfer calculations. 

The absence of corrosion, coupled with the fact that scale and other deposits appear to be dislocated by thermal cycling, result in a finish on tantalum heating surfaces that is as good as the original, even after 20 or 30 years in service, and also ensure that good heat-transfer properties are maintained throughout the life of the equipment. The use of tantalum for process equipment also ensures freedom from contaminations of the product. 

A wide range of paints and other organic coatings is used for the protection of mild steel structures. Paints are used mainly for protection from atmospheric corrosion. Special chemically resistant paints have been developed for use on chemical process equipment. Chlorinated rubber paints and epoxy-based paints are used. In the application of paints and other coatings, good surface preparation is essential to ensure good adhesion of the paint film or coating. 

All DAFs are similar to each other in terms of theory, principles, design, operation, and secondary flotation performance. The authors select the circular DAF process equipment manufactured by KEC for the purpose of feasibility studies. The users should contact more than one major DAF and DAFF manufacturers for appropriate pilot plant demonstrations and cost comparisons. Rectangular DAF and DAFF clarifiers are as good as circular DAF and DAFF clarifiers. 

The purpose of this guidebook, written by Barton and Rogers for the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), is to provide a basis for good practice in assessing reactive hazards. It is written for those responsible for design and operation of chemical plants. It addresses hazards from uncontrolled exothermic activity in batch and semibatch chemical reaction systems as well as associated process equipment. 

Chemical and hazardous materials industry infrastructure includes substantial facility and equipment investment it is highly capital intensive. Most chemical industry facilities contain very specialized process equipment that would be difficult to replace quickly. A good example is an oil refinery plant, where if the cracking facilities were destroyed they could not be replaced anytime soon. It is interesting to note that some chemical industry facilities (e.g., oil refineries) require large amounts of land (have a large footprint) but are typically staffed with few employees relative to on-site land requirements. 

A good design is both art and science. Creativity is needed to come up with a product concept that has either not been considered before or has been considered and abandoned. Discipline is needed to investigate and evaluate all the details to make sure that they fit together, which is an exercise in multiscale optimization the product structure is in the molecular scale of nanometers to micrometers, the process equipment is in centimeter to meter scales, marketing and finance are played in the meter to hundred kilometer scales, and environmental concerns are on a global scale. 

The shortcoming of all methods for predetermining cure cycles that regulate secondary variables is that they deal only in expectations and probabilities. No matter how many eventualities are anticipated, there is always one more that is unexpected. Unexpected variations in material properties, process equipment malfunctions, and changes to geometries of tool and part all contribute to the uncertainty of the outcome. As a result, in-process, inferential control is needed for the process environment as well as the boundary conditions and material state. Inferential control is relatively new to the polymer processing industry, especially in complex processes where good models are not yet common. 

Action of proving, in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practice, that any procedure, process, equipment, material, activity, or system actually leads to the expected result Documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes and characteristics... 

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