Process equipment dryers

Oil- or gas-fired boilers >45 metric tons/day Kiln and clinker cooler Fugitive emission points Process equipment Process equipment Dryers, etc/... 

Processing equipment (dryers, mills, filters, mixers, centrifuges, etc.). 

Fig. 1. Fine chemicals plant design showing successive additions of processing equipment, where A represents the reaction vessel with agitator B, centrifuge C, dryer D, crystaUi2ation vessel E, raw material feed tanks F, centrifuge which may have an automatic discharge G, mother Hquor tank H,...

AH stacks and vents attached to the process equipment must be protected to prevent environmental releases of hexavalent chromium. Electrostatic precipitators and baghouses are desirable on kiln and residue dryer stacks. Leaching operations should be hooded and stacks equipped with scmbbers (see Airpollution control methods). Recovered chromate values are returned to the leaching-water cycle. 

Particulate matter is the principal air pollutant emitted from ammonium sulfate plants. Most of the particulates are found in the gaseous exhaust of the dryers. Uncontrolled discharges of particulates may be of the order of 23 kg/t from rotary dryers and 109 kg/t from fluidized bed dryers. Ammonia storage tanks can release ammonia, and there may be fugitive losses of ammonia from process equipment. 

In Europe process equipment such as spray dryers, flnid-bed dryers, and mills are available in shock-resistant designs for pressures up to 10 barg (145 psig). 

Processing line, upstream Refers to material movement and auxiliary equipment (dryer, mixer/blender, storage bins, etc.) that exist prior to plastic entering the main fabricating machine such as the extruder. 

Conical ends are used to facilitate the smooth flow and removal of solids from process equipment such as, hoppers, spray-dryers and crystallisers. 

R.J. Aldrich, Pneumatic conveying dryers, in W.J. Mead (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Chemical Process Equipment, Reinhold, New York, 1964, pp. 241—251. 

The collets from the expander are hot and moist and are often cooled and dried prior to entering the extraction process. The dryers, which may be equipped with steam heating, typically remove about 2% moisture (most of that added by live steam in the expander) and reduce temperamre by about 40°C. The dryers also allow time for the collets to approach a more uniform moisture and temperature. Some plants report an increased tendency for the misceUa in the second effect evaporator to foam or to coat or plug the evaporator tubes. It is thought that this may be related to a lack of drying and a nonuniformity of the collet such that the center is hot and moist, causing water-related problems in extraction. 

All the major process equipment, such as vessels, reactors, columns, furnaces, heat exchangers, coolers, pumps, compressors, motors, fans, turbines, filters, centrifuges, dryers, etc., including field fabrication and testing if necessary ... 

Filters, heat exchangers, dryers, bubble cap columns, cyclones, etc., are ordinarily designed and built by process equipment manufacturers. However, units of special design for one-of-a-kind operations such as packed or plate towers are quite often designed and built under the supervision of plant engineers. Thus, there is a large variety of this type of equipment, none of it essentially standard. 

Chlorotrifluoroethylene telomer lubricants are used primarily where chemical inertness and nonflammability are required. The chemical industry and the cryogenic gas industry (primarily oxygen) are the major users of these materials. They are used to lubricate all types of process equipment, such as dryers, conveyers, pumps, valves, and compressor seals. Extreme pressure tests using the four-ball method show that they are good lubricants, without any seizure even at an applied load of 800 kg. 

External surfaces of hot process equipments such as heaters, dryers, steam pipes, and electrical... 

Of course, the most accurate method of determining process equipment cost is to obtain bids fi om the supplier. When a dryer unit must be evaluated, the following have to be considered. 

Likewise, the capital investment for the spray dryer MgO process is approximately 7 percent lower than that for the conventional MgO scrubbing process ( 279/kW vs. 299/kW). The conventional MgO scrubbing process has more equipment, and hence larger investment costs, particularly in the areas of chloride purge, slurry drying, and slurry processing equipment which are not needed in the spray dryer-based system. 

The excipient manufacturer must document the sanitizing of critical processing equipment such as centrifuges and dryers. Any manipulation of sterile excipients post-sterilization must be performed as a validated aseptic process. This is particularly important for those excipients which are not further sterilized prior to packaging into final containers. In some instances, the compendial monographs may specify that an excipient which does not meet parenteral grade standards be labelled as not suitable for use in the preparation of injectable products. Ethylene oxide is sometimes used for the sterilization of powders. The manufacture should validate that the ethylene oxide exposure does, in fact, produce a sterile product. 

Essentially atmospheric conditions for all process equipment except vacuum dryer which operates at about 20 in. Hg vacuum... 

The cost of operation of chemical process equipment varies widely. Some equipment requires more skill, operators of better technical training, and more supervision than others (see Table 6-14). Engineering experience must be relied on to furnish most of this information. Available within each company are data on equipment operating labor costs, with typical values of 0.2 man per unit for continuous filters, evaporators, and columns, 0.5 man per unit for centrifuges, dryers, and continuous reactors, and 1.0 man per unit for batch reactors. 

Particulates may be emitted from processing equipments, such as reactors, furnaces, kilns, and dryers from industrial sources or from incineration of municipal and industrial wastes. These may also be generated dnring the crushing and grinding of materials. Spink (1988) has described the use of a Waterloo scrubber for removal of particulates from waste gases. Water droplets 15-20 times the diameter of the particles were injected into the gas stream and a fan provided turbulent mixing to effect interactions between particles and droplets and cause complete removal... 

The design firm normally generates procurement specifications. These specifications will include definition of all major components such as materials of construction, agitator requirements, nozzles, etc. Major equipment for API processing is similar to fine chemical production and can include reactors, centrifuges, condensers, heat exchangers, distillation columns, extractors, absorption equipment, chromatography equipment, dryers, blenders, crystallizers, mills, etc. These components wiU normally require validation [installation... 

Qualification of equipment—The qualification of BPC process equipment including reaction vessels, receivers, crystallizers, centrifuges, dryers, filters, distillation columns, solvent distribution systems, etc. is a well-defined activity. While this equipment is somewhat different in design and operating features, than the dosage form equipment that has been the subject of the majority of papers on the subject, the same general principles apply. Reaction vessels, receivers, and crystallizers differ only minimally from formulation and water for injection tanks. Some BPC dryers are identical to those utilized in tablet departments. Solvent distribution systems are piping systems and may resemble WFI distribution systems. Some pieces of equipment such as distillation columns... 

Sterilization in place—Closed systems such as process vessels, dryers, centrifuges, isolators, and other items should be subjected to a validated sterilization procedure, which assures that all internal surfaces have been rendered free of microorganisms. Sterilization-in-place (SIP) procedures reduce the number of aseptic manipulations necessary to ready the equipment for use in the aseptic production processes and as such are considered preferable to aseptic assembly of systems from individually sterilized components (25). The SIP procedure should allow the system to maintain sterility until ready for use without aseptic manipulations. Sterilization-in-place procedures could employ steam, gas, dry heat, radiation, chemical agents, or other validateable sterilization procedure. 

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