Four-ball method

D 4172 Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid (Four Ball Method)... 

Chlorotrifluoroethylene telomer lubricants are used primarily where chemical inertness and nonflammability are required. The chemical industry and the cryogenic gas industry (primarily oxygen) are the major users of these materials. They are used to lubricate all types of process equipment, such as dryers, conveyers, pumps, valves, and compressor seals. Extreme pressure tests using the four-ball method show that they are good lubricants, without any seizure even at an applied load of 800 kg. 

Wear Preventive Characteristics of (Four Ball Method), (b) ASTM Method D 2509-66, Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method). (c) ASTM Method D 2596-67, Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four Ball MethodK ASTM Standards Book, Part 17—Petroleum Products, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 

ASTM D2266 Wear preventive characteristics of lubricating greases. Four ball method (19)... 

ASTM International, Standard test method for wear preventive characteristics of lubricating grease (four-ball method), ASTM Standard ASTM D2266-01, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015. 

Visualization of conformers There are four conventional methods for visualization of three-dimensional structures on paper. These are the ball and stick method, the sawhorse method, the wedge and broken line method and the Newman projection method. Using these methods, the staggered and eclipsed conformers of ethane can be drawn as follows. 

Wear scar (ASTM D4172 method four ball wear test). The antiwear performance was evaluated by the diameters of the wear scars in four-ball wear tests. The borate-detergent RMs showed better anti wear performance as compared with those of the carbonate-detergent RMs. Interestingly, the antiwear performance was dependent on the detergent type in the case of carbonate-... 

Modified hard-core RMs by phosphosulfurized compound. Improved extreme-pressure and antiwear properties have also been obtained with the introduction of some chemical species, such as sulfur, phosphorus or boron derivatives, into the colloidal core (Delfort et al., 1998 Inoue, 1993 Inoue and Nose, 1987). Welding loads, load wear index and wear scar diameter at 5 wt% of a CaC03 core surrounded by a calcium alkylaryl-sulfonate surfactant shell, and modified by phosphosulfurized calcium carbonate core were evaluated for calcium dialkyl dithiophosphate (CaDTP) and calcium trithiophosphate (CaTTP) with the four-ball extreme-pressure test (ASTM D2783 standard method). Both modified products exhibit improved extreme-pressure performances (welding load and load wear index), while their antiwear properties (wear scar diameter) compared to those of the original micellar substrate remain at least at the same level. 

Phosphorus is present in zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and deactivate platinum catalysts in engine exhaust systems. Using zinc, antimony and oxothiomolybdate dialkyl-dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) complexes alone or in combination with other lubricating oil additives appears to solve this problem. Antimony complexes are used also as extreme pressure agents while molybdenum ones as friction modifier additives (Hill et al., 1994). Analyses of Zn(dtc)2 decomposition using the thermogravimetric method, flash vacuum pyrolysis, and four-ball machine... 

Figure 6-3. Film thickness by the discharge voltage method. (a) The four-ball technique 1. ball assembly 2. ball pot (carries the friction torque arm) 3. bearing 4. insulating base 5. mercury slip ring. (b) Effect of load on film thickness by the discharge voltage method I. cetane II. 0.03 M. lauric acid in cetane III. 0.03 M. stearic acid in cetane. Data by Askwith, Cameron and Crouch [4].

In this chapter, we report on the synthesis of Cu nanoparticles modified with an aliphatic acid salt. The characterization of the as-prepared product was performed with a variety of methods, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravi-metric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and their tribological properties were investigated on a four-ball test machine. 

ASTM D5183-05(2011) Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine. 

Soft metals such as indium, tin and bismuth are good solid lubricants, but they cannot be used as a lubricating oil additive because of their poor dispersibility in oils. However, their nanoparticles prepared by the direct solution-dispersing method have been found to have better oil solubility and can be directly used as lubricating additives. Their tribological properties have been evaluated on a four-ball tester and the results are presented as follows. 

Sliding wear D2266 Ibst Method for Wear Preventative Charactmsdcs of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Mediod) Wear scar diameter... 

Rolling Contact Fatigue Failure - Modified Four Ball Machine Method, Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products, ( 992), Vol 2, pp. 300.1-300.7. 

Various methods are used for evaluatiag the quaflty, ie, physical strength and ensyme dust formation, of the granulate. In the elutriation process, a sample of product is fluidised ia a glass tube with a perforated bottom plate for 40 miautes. Dust from the sample is collected oa a filter and the ensyme activity measured. An acceptable dust level is when less than 5—10 ppm of the activity of the sample has been collected. In the so-called Heubach method, 20 g of granulate is elutriated. During the elutriation, four steel balls are rotated ia the bed ia order to evaluate the impact of attritioa oa the dust release of the ensyme. The dust is collected oa a filter and measured. The acceptable dust level is very low. 

In the second approach, a thick slurry of tar sand and water is kneaded to agglomerate the oil into balls, and these are separated by mechanical means such as screening. Four similar techniques for accomplishing this are recorded in the literature, the first in England in 1921. It is interesting that two of these methods were developed outside Canada. 

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