Preparation of latex

Quash, G., Roch, A.M., Niveleau, A., Grange, J., Keolouangkhot, T., and Huppert, J. (1978) The preparation of latex particles with covalently bound polyamines, IgG and measles agglutinins and their use in visual agglutination tests./. Immunol. Meth. 22, 165-174. 

In solution, block copolymers display interesting colloidal and interfacial properties. They can be used as emulsifying agents in water-oil and oil-oil systems (6 ). In the later case, the oil phases are solid and they give rise to polymeric alloys (7.) or they are liquid and they allow the preparation of latexes in organic medium (8 ). However, the molecular structure of block copolymers based on polybutadiene PB (70 ) and polystyrene PS behave as thermoplastic elastomers when engaged in multiblock (PB-PS)n or triblock (PS-PB-PS) structures but never when implied in inverse triblock or diblock arrangements. Similarly the... 

Preparation of latex incorporating maleimide surface groups... 

It is a pleasure to acknowledge Miss Diane Fife for the preparation of latexes. Thanks are also due to Celanese Plastics and Specialties Company for permission to present this work. 

Preparation of latex Samples. Two-stage latex samples were prepared by emulsion polymerization of the second-stage monomer mix in the presence of the first-stage polymer latex. The first-stage latexes were either in-situ or separately made using an externally prepared polystyrene latex seed. The mode of polymerization was a semi-continuous process for both stages. 

The preparation of latexes by emulsion polymerization of vinylic and acrylic monomers in the presence of these polyesters as polymeric surfactants... 

Emulsion Polymerization in the Presence of functionalized Polyesters - Preparation of Latex... 

However, the preparation of latex particles may be perceived as having reached a level at which the potential for a fundamental breakthrough in the final materials per se is rather limited. Pioneering efforts may instead be expected in the development of polymeric microcompartmentalized materials. This development, in a limited form, may be exemplified by the work of Gan and colleagues [28], who polymerized organic monomers solubilized in bicontinuous microemulsions and obtained microporous organic polymers. This area is, of course, of future interest, but the problem of lack of correlation between the microemulsion colloidal structure and the microstructure of the final material may result in a focus on the polymerization of liquid crystalline material where even complex systems [29,30] have been shown to retain their microstructure after polymerization. This area of polymerization has been further developed and systematized by Antonietti [31,32], Antonietti et al. [33], and Fendler [34]. 

Figure 3.10 Preparation of latex (nanoparticles) through emulsion polymerisation. Insert in the absence of initiator, equilibrium between monomer droplets, monomer in solution, and micelles of surfactant with or without monomer. Main figure after initiation by the active species (star), distribution of monomer between the different forms, either solution, or micelles or particles.

III. PREPARATION OF LATEX-PROTEIN COMPLEXES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS... 

A novel process for the preparation of latex with high solid content, but maintaining the characteristics of microemulsion polymerisation latex, small particle size (less than 50 nm) and polymer with high molecular weight (more than 10 6) is presented. With the PS latex obtained by microemulsion polymerisation as seed, core shell, styrene-butyl acrylate polymers functionalised with itaconic acid are prepared. Materials were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and transmission electron microscopy. These polymers have better mechanical properties than the non functionalised or those prepared by emulsion polymerisation. 11 refs. 

A general method for the preparation of latex for TEM study has been used on film forming... 

The subject of dispersion polymerisation in organic media has been comprehensively reviewed (Do This reference should be consulted for a detailed treatment of the theory of particle stabilisation and the kinetics and mechanism of free radical dispersion polymerisation in organic mediae In this paper, emphasis is placed on the more practical aspects of preparing polymer latexes and on useful empirical rules for newcomers to the field wishing to make their own latexeSc Processes for the preparation of latexes by addition and condensation polymerisation and by inverse emulsification of aqueous monomer solutions in organic liquids are reviewedo... 

M. S. El-Aasser and C. M. Miller, Preparation of latexes using miniemulsions, in Polymeric Dispersions—Principles and Applications, J. M. Asua (Ed.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 109-126. 

Carboxylic acids are useful reagents and synthetic precursors. The two simplest ones are manufactured on a large scale industrially. Formic acid is employed in the tanning process in the manufacture of leather and in the preparation of latex rubber. It is synthesized efficiently by the reaction of powdered sodium hydroxide with carbon monoxide under pressure. This transformation proceeds by nucleophilic addition followed by protonation. 

Preparation of latexes degradable in reducing environment by ATRP... 

ATRP of various monomers can be successfiilly carried out in aqueous dispersed media yielding well-defined functional latexes.f2d,2 Miniemulsion polymerization, including CRP in miniemulsion, is widely used for the preparation of latexes with particle sizes of the order of 100-500 nm. If the proper surfactant is used, the miniemulsions are stable for prolonged periods. 

Santos, R.M. and Forcada, J. 2001. Acetal-functionaUzedpolymerparticles useful for immunoassays. III. Preparation of latex-protein complexes and their applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 12 173-80. 

Nano-emulsions are defined as a class of emulsions with uniform and extremely small droplet size (typically in the range 20-500 nm). The formation of kinetically stable liquid/hquid dispersions of such small sizes is of great interest from fundamental and applied viewpoints. In this review, nanoemulsion formation, with special emphasis on low-energy emulsification methods, is first discussed. This is followed by a description of nano-emulsion properties, focusing on their kinetic stability. Finally, relevant industrial applications of nano-emulsions in the preparation of latex particles, in personal-care formulations, and as drug dehvery systems are reported. 

Although nano-emulsions are thermodynamically imstable systems, they may possess high kinetic stability. This property together with their transparent or translucent visual aspect and a viscosity similar to that of water makes them of special interest for practical applications. Nano-emulsions are used in the pharmaceutical field as drug delivery systems [8,17, 18,25,28-33], in cosmetics as personal-care formulations [2,4,6,7,10,19-21,23,24,27], in agrochemical applications for pesticide delivery [3,34,35], in the chemical industry for the preparation of latex particles [9,22,26,36-38], etc. In addition, the formation of kinetically stable liquid/liquid dispersions of such small sizes is of great interest from a fimdamental viewpoint. 

---