Applications agrochemical

In terms of applications, agrochemicals (synonyms pesticides, plant protection products) are subdivided into herbicides, about 45-50% insecticides, about 25-30% and fungicides, about 20%. Nematicides, rodenticides, and fumigants account for the remaining 10%. 

Computer-Aided Molecular Design Applications in Agrochemicals, Materials and Pharmaceuticals C. H. Reynolds, M. K. Holloway, H. K. Cox, Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington (1995). 

Many fluorinated, biologically active agents have been developed and successfully used in the treatment of diseases. The biological property of fluorinated organics has been further extended to applications in the agrochemical and pest management fields. 

The main applications of mono-, di-, or ttichlorophenols are in agrochemicals and for pentachlorophenol in wood protection. 2-Chlorophenol is used chiefly in the manufacture of an insecticide [41198-08-7] (55,56)... 

Applications in agrochemicals [42, 43], pharmaceuticals [44,45], and positron emission tomography (PET) [46, 47, 48 49] have resulted in the resuscitation of the Wallach reaction The Wallach technique provides high-specific-activity F-radiolabeled aromatic fluoride for PET studies, in contrast to the low-specific-ac-tivity product by the Balz-Schiemann route... 

Similar to their [4,3-c] isomers [99AHC(75)243], 1,2,4-triazolo [l,5-c]pyrimidiiies displayed numerous biological and medicinal activities. In addition, the [1,5-c] isomers found useful agrochemical applications as herbicides. 

The applications of a-sulfo fatty acid esters are widely spread as for other surfactants. They can be used in detergents, cleansers, and cosmetic products as well as in the building industry and for the production of synthetic materials and agrochemicals. The main properties for these applications are surface activity, wetting ability, hard water stability, lime soap dispersion power, and good human and environmental safety profiles. 

Coumarins and flavonoids are common in nature and find their main applications as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and agrochemicals. 

Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are prepared - by moderate heating of the amine and the alkyl halide in a suitable solvent - as the chlorides or the bromides. Subsequently conversion to the hydroxides may be carried out. Major applications of the quat chlorides are as fabric softeners and as starch cationizing agent. Several bio-active compounds (agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals) possess the quat-structure. Important applications of quat bromides are in phase transfer catalysis and in zeolite synthesis. 

R. N. The application of combinatorial chemistry in agrochemical discovery In ACS Symp. Ser. N. 774. 2001, American Chemical Society. 

Sources of land pollution include direct dumping of domestic and industrial solid waste, excessive application of agrochemicals, and indirect contamination resulting from leaks or from leaching of hazardous components from liquid waste disposal sites or from atmospheric fallout. Land may also become contaminated by chemicals processed, stored or dumped at the site, perhaps in the distant past. Such contamination may pose a health risk to workers on the site, those subsequently involved in building, construction or engineering works, or the public (e.g. arising from trespass), and to animals. 

There is therefore extensive evidence that may be used to rationalize the occnrrence of bonnd residues in soils, and this phenomenon is of particnlar significance for agrochemicals. Snch processes influence not only their recovery by chemical procedures, but also their biological effect and their biodegradability (Calderbank 1989). The extent to which these principles are applicable to aquatic systems appears to have been established less frequently though it is plausible that comparable mechanisms exist in the environment. 

These are readily produced by nitration of aromatic compounds and are important explosives. The amines formed by reduction are able to undergo a nnmber of reactions, and have a wide range of application in the production of agrochemicals, dyestnffs, and pharmaceuticals. 

After successive applications of an agrochemical, a population that has enhanced capability for their degradation may develop. This is negative for the functioning of the chemicals, bnt wonld be positive from the view of bioremediation (Racke and Coats 1990). 

There has been considerable interest in the use of plants for bioremediation and this merits a rather extensive discussion. Plants can play an important role in bioremediation for several reasons (1) they can transport contaminants from the soil, (2) they can metabolize the contaminants after uptake, or (3) they can produce exudes that support microbial activity for degradation of the contaminants. In addition, bacteria can produce metabolites that counter the effect of toxins produced by fungi, and serve as biocontrol agents that diminish the need for the application of agrochemicals. Plant exudates play an important role in supporting the growth and activity of bacteria that carry out the degradation of contaminants in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane (the external surface of roots... 

Cartwright D (1994) Recent developments in fluorine-containing agrochemicals. In Organofluorine Chemistry Principles and Commercial Applications (Eds RE Banks, BE Smart, JC Tatlow), pp. 237-262. Plenum Press, London. 

As for waste from the production of chemicals, the array of structures represented by agrochemicals is truly enormous. Only some illustrative examples are provided, and it is important to emphasize that not only the original compound, but also potential metabolites should be considered. The pathways for biodegradation of many of the structures have been presented in Chapter 9 and reference should be made to these for details. There is increased interest in the degradation of agrochemicals after application, and abiotic reactions including photochemical degradation that are important on the soil surface are discussed in Chapter E... 

Hydroaminomethylation allows for the direct synthesis of key pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products (Scheme 9.4) [32]. Synthesis of 3,3-diarylpro-pylamines is an excellent application of hydroaminomethylation [33, 34]. 

Ruthenium-NHC complexes exhibit activity in a very wide field of applications. Due to their unique ability to break and reassemble olefin bonds under reaction conditions very favourable to design simple processes, applications in nearly any chemical discipline can be foreseen. This field may span from manufacturing of specialty polymers and rabbers to pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical intermediates, agrochemicals, fragrances, dyes, specialty chemicals for electronic applications or fine chemicals from natural feedstock and many more. Below are described Ru-NHC catalysed reactions applied from pilot to full commercial scale. 

Some examples of industrial applications of PTC in agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals... 

Health, Environmental, Quarantine and Other Regulations Many countries have strict regulations designed to protect the ecosystem and agrochemical business. For example any matrix material derived from pork, beef, sheep or horse tissue has to be accompanied with a Veterinary Certificate confirming that the matrix material is free of certain specified diseases before it can be imported into the EU. The Australian import restrictions are even tougher and require the importer to obtain prior permission to import plant and animal materials and products derived from biological materials. To get an import license it is necessary to complete an application, which includes information from the producer about the actual production process used to prepare the matrix ... 

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