Pesticide delivery

Pesticides produced in the USSR were usually supplied to farms in extremely inconvenient sizes and packaging (in 100- to 200-liter containers, or in 20- to 50-kilogram bags), with labels that were not in accordance with international standards. The concentration of working solutions of pesticides did not hold up. The pesticide delivery technology did not meet requirements. Because of insufficient packaging and specialized technology, up to 20% of the pesticides were lost on the way to the field. Because sprayer construction was of low quality, 30% of the pesticides used were lost. 

Solvents, defined as substances able to dissolve or solvate other snbstances, are commonly used in manufacturing and laboratory processes and are often indispensable for many applications such as cleaning, fire fighting, pesticide delivery, coatings, synthetic chemistry, and separations (Grayson, 1985). Billions of ponnds of solvent waste are emitted to the environment annnaUy, either as volatile emissions or with aqneons... 

Koestler RC, Janes G, Miller JA. Pesticide delivery. In Kydonieus A, ed. Treatise on Controlled Drug Delivery. New York Marcel Dekker, 1992 491-543. 

During the past 30 years there has been phenomenal progress in the development of highly active and effective agrichemicals, yet we have not kept pace in either the development of efficient pesticide delivery systems or in developing a basic understanding of the components of efficient pesticide application (8). If development indeed lacks in these areas, no wonder then that so little research... 

Craig, I.P., Matthews, G.A. and Thornhill, E.W. (1993) Fluid injection metering system for closed pesticide delivery in manually operated sprayers. Crop Protection 12, 549-553. 

So what is the future of agricultural aviation The author remains confident that aircraft provide a viable and efficient means of pesticide delivery in a wide range of environments and situations. How then should aerial application be managed to reduce the potential threat of off-target damage and spray drift ... 

Schonherr J, Baur P and Buchholz A Modelling foliar penetration its role in optimising pesticide delivery, Pesticide Chemistry and Bioscience (The Food - Environment Challenge), Brooks GT and Roberts TR (Eds), Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge... 

Incorporation of antimicrobials into polymers has been commercially applied in drug and pesticide delivery, surgical implants and other biomedical devices. Few food-related applications have been commercialised, but the number of articles and patents indicate that research on this subject has more than doubled in the last five years. 

CRF, combined with other aspects of pesticide application, thus offer the feasibility of improving pesticide delivery, reducing losses, and benefittng the environment. The above model is based on many assumptions, including a constant and uniform environment. The agricultural situation is characterized by continual fluctuation and thus the theoretical objective can only be partially realized. 

For environmental application of pesticide delivery, CRF have been traditionally divided into chemical and physical types (9). More recently, a third approach the biological approach, has appeared, partly in response to delivery requirements for genetically engineered pesticides. The t5q>es of CRF described to date can be categorized as follows ... 

Agriculture e.g., mulch films, temporary planting pots, fertilizer/pesticide delivery)... 

Whitefly has a unique characteristic to be attracted to yellow color. We have developed a novel pesticide delivery system utilizing whitefly attraction to yellow color and pyriproxyfen s excellent unhatching activity against whitefly. 

Table A.3 shows that EMA resins and its derivatives are also claimed to be useful in many other applications. Such uses include thickeners for other polymeric systems, shampoos, paint removers, and latex binder for nonwoven fabrics. Derivatives of the resins function well as suspending agents for fillers and powdered chemicals such as insecticides, cleaning solutions, lubricants, ceramics, and other applications. The diisobutylene-MA sodium salt material has been cleared for use as a dispensing or suspending agent for pesticide delivery systems.

Although nano-emulsions are thermodynamically imstable systems, they may possess high kinetic stability. This property together with their transparent or translucent visual aspect and a viscosity similar to that of water makes them of special interest for practical applications. Nano-emulsions are used in the pharmaceutical field as drug delivery systems [8,17, 18,25,28-33], in cosmetics as personal-care formulations [2,4,6,7,10,19-21,23,24,27], in agrochemical applications for pesticide delivery [3,34,35], in the chemical industry for the preparation of latex particles [9,22,26,36-38], etc. In addition, the formation of kinetically stable liquid/liquid dispersions of such small sizes is of great interest from a fimdamental viewpoint. 

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