Polymers functionalised

S.J. Shuttleworth, S.M. Allin and P.K. Sharma, Functionalised Polymers - Recent Developments and New Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Synthesis 1217-1239 7997. 

Israelachvili and his colleagues have used the SEA to study the interactions between surface layers of surfactant and of other molecules representing functionalised polymer chains, adhesion promoters or additives. Typically a monolayer of the molecule concerned is deposited onto cleaved mica sheets. The values of surface energies obtained from the JKR equation (Eq. 18) throw some interesting light on the nature and roughness of surface layers in contact. 

Shuttleworth SJ, Allin SM, Sharma PK (1997) Functionalised polymers recent developments and new applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Synthesis 1217-1239... 

Shuttleworth SJ, Allin SM, Wilson RD, Nasturica D (2000) Functionalised polymers in organic chemistry part 2. Synthesis 8 1035-1074... 

Electrochemical Properties of Functionalised Polymer Bead Films ... 

R. Pfaendner, H. Herbst, K. Hoffmann, S. Evans, and A. Steinmann, Functionalised polymers, US Patent 7 300 978, assigned to Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation (Tarrytown, NY), November 27,2007. 

The graft-to method of attaching dendrons numbers among the polymer-analogous synthetic strategies which start from a functionalised polymer backbone to which convergently preconstructed dendritic units of the desired generation can be fixed in a dense sequence (Fig. 2.16). 

W. M. Macindoe, A. Williams, and R. Khan, Tin(TV)-functionalised polymer supports nontoxic and practical reagents for regioselective acetylation of sucrose, Carbohydr. Res., 283 (1996) 17-25. 

Chemical interaction between furnace blacks and rubbers is responsible for the greater extent of reinforcement for polar rubbers [153]. Lately, it has been reported that -OH and -COOH groups of surface oxidised furnace blacks react chemically with functionalised polymers like CSM [154], XNBR [155] and ENR [156], forming a crosslinked vulcanisate in the absence of any crosslinking agent. The mechanism of chemical interactions is supported by IR spectroscopy. 

A. Roychoudhury, Chemical Interaction of Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene with Functionalised Polymers and Surface Modified Fillers, IIT Kharagpur, India,... 

The use of borane-containing monomers clearly presents an effective and general approach in the functionalisation of polyolefins, which has the following advantages stability of the borane moiety to coordination catalysts, solubility of borane compounds in hydrocarbon solvents (such as hexane and toluene) used as the polymerisation medium, and versatility of borane groups, which can be transformed to a remarkable variety of functionalities as well as to free radicals for graft-form polymerisations. The functionalised polymers are very effective interfacial modifiers in improving the adhesion between polyolefin and substrates and the compatibility in polyolefin blends and composites [518],... 

As in the case of the ring-opening metathesis polymerisation of cycloolefins, an important matter is the control of polymerisation to prepare acetylenic polymers having precise structures. A living polymerisation is of practical importance in the synthesis of monodisperse polymers, such as terminally functionalised polymers and block copolymers. The metathesis catalysts that promote the living polymerisation of acetylene [42] and acetylenic monomers include M0OCI4 SnBu EtOFkNbCls and Ta, Mo and W alkylidenes [84, 133, 152, 153]. 

If this complex is sufficiently stable, then no further reaction occurs, and the polycondensation is obviated. However, as mentioned above, by using controlled monomer design, a variety of functionalised polymers (typical by with Mn = 10 000—30 000 and Mw/Mn = 2.0) can be synthesised polyethers [15,48 50], poly(thioether)s [48], polyesters [51,52], polycarbonates [53], polyketones [54], polysiloxanes [55-58], poly(carbosiloxane)s [59], poly(carbosilane)s [60], poly(carbodichlorosilane)s [61] and polymers with a conjugated % system [62]. 

Epoxidation of styrene with tBuOOH catalysed by Au/Si02 in the presence of zinc and tetrabutylammonium bromides and carbon dioxide led directly to styrene carbonate at 1 MPa pressure and 353 K, conversion was 90% and selectivity 35%.47 Gold on functionalised polymer also catalyses the reaction of carbon dioxide with various epoxides to give lactones, and with amines to give carbonates.48... 

Klaase PTA, "Structure Dependent Electro-optical Properties of Chromophore Functionalised Polymers", Doctoral Thesis, Delft, 2002. 

The availability of various functional monomers is essential to operate molecular imprinting by a combinatorial method. Therefore, efforts to design and synthesise novel functional monomers have been made for developing a desired specificity and functions [2,3, 27]. With a wide selection of functional monomers, further functionalised polymers, such as catalysts and sensor materials, will also be developed by the combinatorial chemistry-based molecular imprinting. 

S.J. Shuttleworth, S.M. Allin, R.D. Wilson and D. Nastuiica, Functionalised polymers in Organic Chemistry Part 2, Synthesis 8 1035-1074 2000. 

It was found to be of advantage to use functionalised polymers rather than low molecular compounds as modifiers in a very low concentration. Only a few bonds or coimections of the modifier macromolecule on the melt surface are necessary for a permanent surface modification of a component part. The residual functional groups can be used for follow-up processes as indicated in Fig. 19 in which the polymer surface is a simplified model. 

Crosslinked chloromethylated PS beads were reacted with hydantoin and imidazolidinone derivatives to produce functionalised beads which could be rendered biocidal by reaction with free chlorine or bromine. The biocidal efficacies of the N-chlorinated and, in one case, the N-brominated polymeric beads against Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli 0157 H7 in aqueous suspension were determined. The N-halogenated polymeric beads were effective in aqueous disinfection application, requiring short contact times for inactivation of the two bacteria. The functionalised polymers could be tailored to the application, depending on whether rapid biocidal activity or long-term stability to loss of oxidative halogen was desired. 11 refs. (Pt.III, ibid, p.363-7)... 

There has recently been extensive development of selective scavenging systems. These include ion-exchange resins (beads), functionalised polymers[7] and functionalised silica. The scavengers can target the whole active catalyst, or just the metal or ligand components if desired. It is possible in some cases to remove the catalyst from the scavenger and recycle it directly. 

As can be seen from Eqs. (5), (2) and (3), the reaction of electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors relies on different mechanisms the right transport of substrate, co-substrate and products. For venous blood measurements or in vivo applications the proper transport of oxygen is not maintained. Therefore, new microgel formulation has to be used based on functionalised polymers. 

Functionalised Polymer Fibres as Supports for Platinum Group Metal Catalysts... 

Akelah A,Moet A (1990) Functionalised polymers and their applications. Chapman and Hall, London... 

Functionalised polymers Recent developments and new applications in synthetic organic chemistry S. J. Shuttleworth, S. M. Allin, P. K. Sharma, Synthesis 1997, 1217. 

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