Potential future trends

Tuna cornea is an abundant sonrce of collagen with useful characteristics low antigenicity and inherent safety. It can become an alternative to current available solutions for cardiac and noncardiac applications. 

Butany, J., Leask, R., 2001. The failure modes of biological prosthetic heart valves. J. Long Term Eff. Med. Implants 11, 115-135. 

Froese, R., Pauly, D. (Eds.), 2011. Thunnus thymus in FishBase, December 2011 version. Fromentin, J.M., 2010. The fate of Atlantic blueftn tuna. Science 327, 1325-1326. 

Seifter, E., Hoffman, D., Yellin, E.L., Frater, R.W., 1992. Bovine pericardium versus porcine aortic valve comparison of tissue biological properties as prosthetic valves. Artif. Organs 16, 361-365. 

Nalinanon, S., Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., Kishimura, H., 2007. Use of pepsin for collagen extraction fiom the skin of bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus). Food Chem. 104,593-601. http //linldnghub.elsevier.coni/retrieve/pii/S0308814606009770 (accessed 11 June 2013). Parravicini, R., CocconceUi, F., Verona, A., Parravicini, V, Giuliani, E., Barbieri, A., 2012. 

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Howarth R. W., Boyer E., Pabich W., and Galloway J. N. (2002a) Nitrogen use in the United States from 1961 -2000, and estimates of potential future trends. Ambio 31, 88-96. 

Diamond s properties make it the desirable material in thermal, optical, electrical, electronics, and mechanical applications. It has not been exploited to its maximum potential. Future trends are toward applications in medicine, biology, and the nuclear field. These fields already have applications that use diamond but continuous improvements are being made through research. Diamond is a strong candidate as a substitute for materials currently being used in a variety of applications. Although implementation may be deterred by cost factors or technical issues, the development of new deposition techniques may overcome this limitation. Deposition techniques and a higher control of processes surely will help to launch more sophisticated electronic applications that eventually will realize diamond s superior performance over other materials. 

Efforts to reduce transboundary air pollution have been undertaken in various multilateral and intragovemmental fora. The most comprehensive of these are the UNECE CLRTAP and two EU policies, the Air Quality Framework Directive and the National Emissions Ceilings Directive. By identifying linkages between these institutions, this chapter will examine how they have developed and impacted each other over the years. In doing so, this chapter will investigate past, present, and potential future trends in interplay between these agreements. 

This chapter describes the theory, methodology, and application of a microfabrication process that uses phase-changing sacrificial layers (PCSLs) as intermediates to protect microchannel features during bonding or hydrogel polymerization. We focus on key process details associated with the fabrication of microchips, and the application of PCSL-formed microfluidic devices in CE separations and other electric field-based analysis methods. Finally, we provide a brief overview of potential future trends and applications of PCSL fabrication methods in microfluidics. 

The conclusion aims at highlighting the main differences between the TDS methodology and more classical methodologies such as Descriptive Analysis. It also explains why TDS can be seen as a rapid method and the potential future trends related to the further development of this methodology. 

Rush, J.E. Status of Notation and Topological Systems and Potential Future Trends . J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1976,16, 202-210. 

Future Trends. Methods of laser cooling and trapping are emerging as of the mid-1990s that have potential new analytical uses. Many of the analytical laser spectroscopies discussed herein were first employed for precise physical measurements in basic research. AppHcations to analytical chemistry occurred as secondary developments from 10 to 15 years later. 

Given the potential future importance of ceramics in areas as diverse as electronics (see Chapter 4), machine tools, heat engines, and superconductors (see Chapter 4), the United States can ill afford to surrender technical leadership to its competitors. The dominant trend in the field is toward materials with finer microstractures, fewer defects, and better interactions at interfaces (particularly in composites). Chemical processes provide important tools to capture the promise of ceramics for the benefit of our society and to maintain our international competitive position in technology. 

Vassilev, N., Vassileva, M., and Nikolaeva, I. (2006). Simultaneous P-solubilizing and biocontrol activity of microorganisms Potentials and future trends. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech-nol. 71, 137-144. 

Studies of the history of biospheric evolution reveal a close correlation between oxygen production intensity and the development of life on Earth. And although the expected relative oscillations of the oxygen concentration in the near future do not exceed 10%, the considered impacts on the biosphere do not cover all potential anthropogenic trends, and therefore cannot be considered reliable. Therefore, let us analyze the constituents of possible mechanisms for violation of the natural balance of oxygen. Naturally, our concern is not only for an increase but also a decrease of the oxygen content in the atmosphere. 

Although the magnitude of contamination by BTs in coastal waters of Indonesia is low, and no immediate public health problems could be seen, increasing levels of BTs contamination in recent years still causes concern. Information concerning organotin contamination and its potential effects on the ecosystems in Indonesia are still scarce. Continuous monitoring studies are required to observe future trends and to delineate toxicological implications. 

In order to outline the future trends in superplasticity in ceramics, first of all it is necessary to give an answer to the following question why is superplasticity in ceramics so important The potential use of these materials in more and more severe applications makes superplasticity in ceramics an important tool for their processing, as happened with metals at the beginning of the 1960s. 

All these aspects were thoroughly discussed by lecturers and participants during the round table organized during the Poitiers School on The Future Trends in Zeolite Applications . Special emphasis was placed on the role played by the sites at the external surface (pockets, etc.) or at the pore mouth, by mesopores, extraframework aluminum species, as well as by the polarity of reactant and product molecules. Other important topics dealt with the remarkable catalytic properties of BEA zeolites for fine chemical synthesis, the potential of mesoporous molecular sieves, zeolitic membranes and the role of combinatorial catalysis in the development of zeolite catalysts. It is our hope that the fruits of these discussions will appear in the literature or even better as new and environmentally friendly products or processes. 

Strictly speaking, the availability of single-enantiomer compounds is not a future trend since some of them have already made an entry into clinical medicine. However, this technique s full potential is still unrealized, and it may lead to increased availability of many better and safer medications. The field of stereochemistry, which deals with the three-dimensional structure of molecules, teaches us that chemical compounds, medications included, can occur as a mixture of molecules whose structures are mirror images of each other. This means that two molecules that are otherwise identical may be spatially oriented in opposite directions, say, one to the right, the other to the left. Molecules so characterized are called enantiomers. 

The individual self-contained volumes will each encompass a closely related field of applications and will demonstrate those methods which have found the widest applications in the area. The emphasis is expected to be on the comparison of published and established methods which have been employed in the application area rather than the details of experimental and novel methods. The volumes will also identify future trends and the potential impact of new technologies and new separation methods. The volumes will therefore provide up-to-date critical surveys of the roles that analytical separations play now and in the future in research, development and production, across the wide range of the fine and heavy chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, health care, food production and the environment. It will not be a laboratory guide but a source book of established and potential methods based on the literature that can be consulted by the reader. 

The future technological advances in drug discovery will likely involve separation sciences, MS, and hyphenated techniques. More detailed discussions on the technology development and future trends in bioanalysis, laboratory automation, and MS instrumentation have been elaborated in other chapters. Therefore, only three technologies are specifically addressed with regard to their potential application in drug discovery pSFC monolithic column technologies and chip-based separations. 

The last section (19.6) is focused on the commercial potential and perspectives of using metal ammines in connection with, for example, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as well as selective catalytic reduction (SCR)-DeNO c (NO c removal) in the transport sector, and it includes comments on the global availability and low cost of the carrier salts. This section also provides the authors perspectives on future trends and challenges in metal ammine research, along with links to the interested reader for further information on key articles, companies and websites. 

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