Chip-based

Effenhauser, CS Bruin, GJM Paulus, A, Integrated Chip-Based Capillary Electrophoresis, Electrophoresis 18, 2203, 1997. 

Micro Total Analysis Systems (pTAS) are chip-based micro-channel systems that serve for complete analytics. The word Total refers to the monolithic system character of the devices, integrating a multitude of miniature functional elements with minimal dead volumes. The main fields of application are related to biology, pharmacology, and analytical chemistry. Detailed applications of pTAS systems are given in Section 1.9.8. Recently, pTAS developments have strongly influenced the performance of organic syntheses by micro flow (see, e.g., [29]). By this, an overlap with the micro-reactor world was made, which probably will increase more and more. 

Cost Estimation from Mass-manufacture Scenarios for Chip-based Microfabrication... 

GP 1] [R 10] Conversion rates over platinum catalyst were determined in a chip-based reactor [56]. In the temperature range from 180 to 310 °C rates from 0 to... 

Fang, Q., Wang, F.-R., Wang, S.-L., Liu, S.-S., Xu, S.-K., and Fang, Z.-L., Sequential injection sample introduction microfluidic-chip based capillary electrophoresis system, Anal. Chim. Acta, 390, 27, 1999. 

Litbom, E., Emmer, A., and Roeraade, J., Chip-based nanovials for tryptic digest and capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 401, 11, 1999. 

If total analysis systems are not exactly the best option for polymer/additive analysis, then neither are chip-based hyphenations. The reasons here are completely different minute sample size (homogeneity problems for more traditional samples), and (theoretical) limits to chromatography and concentration-based sensitivity, etc. 

Nelson, R. W., Krone, J. R., and Jansson, O. (1997). Surface plasmon resonance biomolecular interaction analysis mass spectrometry. 1. Chip-based analysis. Anal. Biochem. 69, 4363-4368. 

Nelson, R. W., Nedelkov, D., and Tubbs, K. A. (2000). Biosensor chip mass spectrometry A chip-based proteomics approach. Electrophoresis 21, 1155-1163. 

When elution chromatography is used in both dimensions, the valve configurations are similar for the different column combinations. However, when CE is utilized as the second dimension, other types of interfaces not based on valves have been implemented with unique advantages. These and the microfluidic implementation of sampling systems for chip-based two-dimensional separations will be discussed below. 

Because of the small volumes encountered in CE, implementing CE as a second dimension is difficult if a valve is used. More efficient, lower volume unions have been utilized in a number of cases. The main types of these interfaces include optical gating and flow gating, which are discussed below. Electrical gating is described in detail in Chapter 15. Fraction collection is also used, as discussed in Chapter 16, although this takes longer and is a less efficient method than the other comprehensive 2D schemes. Chip-based separation systems typically use some form of electrical gating and these systems will be discussed below. 

Chip-based systems that employ microfluidics have become a popular research area and a number of systems are now available commercially that utilize electrophoresis-... 

Tamanaha C.R., Whitman L.J., Colton R.J., Hybrid macro-micro fluidics system for a chip-based biosensor,./. Micromech. Microeng. 2002 12 N7. 

T. Sakata, M. Kamahori, and Y. Miyahara, DNA analysis chip based on field-effect transistors. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, 2854-2859 (2005). 

A scanner with two lasers for Cy3 and Cy5 labeling is fairly good enough for most of the microarray experiments. However, multiple lasers are necessary for simultaneous detection of all four nucleotide polymorphisms in chip-based SNPs detection. Besides, an extra third flurophore attached to a sequence that specifically binds to a linker region of the DNA spots could be used for spotting quality control. 

Chip-Based Detection of Bar-Code DNA for Protein Identification... 

Independent of the mode of pumping, the flow inside the channel network of chip-based microreactors is generally laminar and the mixing of reagents occurs by diffusion. Given the small dimensions of the devices, diffusion is generally very efficient, and mixing is effected within milliseconds. 

Different concentrations of BG bacterial spores (103 107 spores per mL) were introduced into the electric field sensor chip-based flow cell and an appropriate... 

Jakeway, S. C. de Mello, A. J., Chip based refractive index detection using a single point evanescent wave probe, Analyst 2001, 9, 1505 1510... 

The sample throughput of nanoESI is limited by the comparatively time-consuming procedure of manual capillary loading. A chip-based nanoESI sprayer on an etched silicon wafer allows for the automated loading of the sprayer array by a pipetting robot (Fig. 11.7). The chip provides a 10 x 10 array of nanoESI... 

Fig. 11.7. Illustration of the chip-based Advion nanoESI system. The pictures stepwise zoom in from the pipetting unit to the spray capillary on the silicon chip. By courtesy of G. Schultz, Advion BioSciences, Ithaca, NY.

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