Positron emission tomography studies

Positron emission tomography studies using "C-toluene in nonhuman primates and mice showed a rapid uptake of radioactivity into striatal and frontal brain regions (Gerasimov et al. 2002). Maximal uptake of the radiotracer by these structures occurred 1 minutes after intravenous administration. Subsequently, clearance of the radiotracer from the striatal and frontal areas occurred rapidly, with a clearance half-life from peak uptake of 10—20 minutes. Radiotracer clearance from white matter appears to be slower... 

Yatham, L.N., Liddle, P. F. Dennie, J. (1999). Decrease in brain serotonin 2 receptor binding in patients with major depression following desipramine treatment a positron emission tomography study with fluorine-18-labeled setoperone. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 56, 705-11. 

Chugani, H. T., Phelps, M. E. Mazziotta, J. C. (1987). Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Ann. Neurol 22, 487-97. 

Schiffer, W.K., Logan, J., and Dewey, S.L., Positron emission tomography studies of potential mechanisms underlying phencyclidine-induced alterations in striatal dopamine, Neuropharmacology, 28, 2192, 2003. 

Villemagne, V., Yuan, J., Wong, D.F. et al. Brain dopamine neurotoxicity in baboons treated with doses of methamphetamine comparable to those recreationally abused by humans evidence from [llC]WIN-35,428 positron emission tomography studies and direct in vitro determinations. J. Neu-rosci. 18 419, 1998. 

Melega, W.R, Lacan, G., Harvey, D.C., Huang, S.C., Phelps, M.E. Dizocilpine and reduced body temperature do not prevent methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the vervet monkey [1 lC]WfN 35,428-positron emission tomography studies. Neurosci. Eett. 258 17, 1998. 

McCann, U.D., Wong, D.F., Yokoi, F. et al. Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [llC]WIN-35,428../. Neurosci. 18 8417, 1998. 

Adams KM, Gilman S, Koeppe R, Kluin K, Brunberg J, Dede D, Berent S and Kroll PD (1993). Neuropsychological deficits are correlated with frontal hypometabolism in positron emission tomography studies of older alcoholic patients. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 17, 205-210. 

Kinnala, A., Suhonen-Polvi, H., Aarimaa, T. etal. Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose during the first six months of life an FDG positron emission tomography study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonat. Ed. 74 F153-F157,1996. 

Tune, L. E., Wong, D. F., Pearlson, G. et al. Dopamine D2 receptor density estimates in schizophrenia a positron emission tomography study with C-N-methylspiperone. Psychiatr. Res. 49 219-237,1993. 

Cameron OG, Modell JG, Hariharan M. (1990). Caffeine and human cerebral blood flow a positron emission tomography study. Life Sci. 47(13) 1141-46. 

Servan-Schreiber D, Perlstein WM, Cohen JD, Mintun M. (1998). Selective pharmacological activation of limbic structures in human volunteers a positron emission tomography study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 10(2) 148-59. 

Ding Y-S, Eowler JS (1996) 18F-Labeled tracers for positron emission tomography studies in the neurosciences. In Ojima 1, McCarthy J, Welch JT (eds) Biomedical frontiers of fluorine chemistry. ACS Symp Series 639. The American Chemical Society, Washington DC, chap 23, p 328... 

C]-Zanamivir (2) was also synthesized with a C-label on the guanidino group for use in PET (positron emission tomography) studies by treating 87 with [ C]-cyanogen bromide followed by treatment of the intermediate cyanamide with a solution of aqueous ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride (Westerberg et al., 1996). 

Patients with combat-related PTSD compared to healthy controls had enhanced behavioral, biochemical, and cardiovascular responses to the a2 antagonist yohimbine, which stimulates central NE release (Southwick et al. 1993, 1997). Moreover, a positron emission tomography study demonstrated that PTSD patients have a cerebral metabolic response to yohimbine consistent with increased NE release (Bremner et al. 1997b). 

Bremner JD, Staib LH, Kaloupek D, Southwick SM, Soufer R, Charney DS (1999) Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder a positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 45 806-816... 

Y.S. Ding, J.S. Fowler, S.J. Gatley, S.L. Dewey, A.P. Wolf, D.J. Schlyer, Synthesis of high specific activity 6-[ F]fluorodopamine for positron emission tomography studies of sympathetic nervous tissue, J. Med. Chem. 34 (1991) 861-863. 

H. Tuunanen, J. Kuusisto, J. Toikka, P. Jaaskelainen, P. Maijamaki, K. Peuhkurinen, T. Viljanen, P. Sipola, K.Q. Stolen, J. Hannukainen, P. Nuutila, M. Laakso, J. Knuuti, Myocardial perfusion, oxidative metabolism, and free fatty acid uptake in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy attributable to the Asp175Asn mutation in the alpha-tropomyosin gene A positron emission tomography study, J. Nucl. Cardiol. 14(2007) 354-365. 

Baxter, L.R., Jr. (1994) Positron emission tomography studies of cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 55 Suppl 54—59. 

Kegeles, L.S., Martinez, D., Kochan, L.D., et al. NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release positron emission tomography studies in humans. Swapse 43il). 19-29, 2002. 

Johnson DL, Wieber JS, Gold SM, et al. Cerebral blood flow and personality a positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry 1999 156 252-257. 

Kapur S, Zipursky R, Jones C, et al. A positron emission tomography study of quetiapine in schizophrenia a preliminary finding of an antipsychotic effect with only transiently high dopamine D 2 receptor occupancy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000 57 553-559. 

Nevertheless, receptor studies in these areas are consistent with a role for biogenic amine function in the pathophysiology of major depression. Two of the most replicated findings are increased 5-FIT 2a receptor binding in the PFC and reduced 5-FIT receptor number and function in the brains of depressed suicide victims. These findings have led to positron emission tomography studies to quantitate the number of 5-FIT 2 and 5-FIT a receptors in the brain of patients with clinical depression (31, 32). This work has documented a 42% and a 27% reduction in 5-FIT a receptors in the raphe and mesiotemporal cortex, respectively, in unmedicated patients with primary, recurrent, familial major depression. 

The assumption that the effects on brain reward mechanisms in animals produced by acute administration of addictive drugs (the brain reward enhancement measured electrophysiologically and the DA enhancement measured neurochemically in Acb) has relevance to self-reported euphoria at the human level is supported by real-time, in-vivo, positron emission tomography studies of DA transporter occupancy in human brain loci following acute cocaine administration (Volkow et al. 

An Automated Microprocessor-Controlled Rb-82 Generator for Positron Emission Tomography Studies... 

Gamma, A. et al., No difference in brain activation during cognitive performance between ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) users and control subjects a [H2150]-positron emission tomography study, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 21, 66, 2001. 

Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesensten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, Selbie S, Belenky G, Herscovitch P. Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle an H2(15)0 positron emission tomography study. Brain 1997 720 1173-1197. 

Ho AP, Gillin JC, Buchsbaum MS, Wu JC, Abel L, Bunney WE Jr (1996) Brain glucose metabolism during non-rapid eye movement sleep in major depression. A positron emission tomography study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 645-652... 

Schellong SM, Boger RH, Burchert W, et al. Dose-related effect of intravenous L-arginine on muscular blood flow of the calf in patients with peripheral vascular disease a H2 150 positron emission tomography study. Clin Sci (Lond) 1997 93(2) 159-165. 

Of great relevance to the potential use of multimodal MRI in extending the time window for thrombolysis have been the observations that perfusion-diffusion mismatch was present for up to 24 h after symptom onset (Table 3.2). Whilst the presence and volume of mismatch decreases over time, at least 50% of patients still have significant tissue at risk 24 h after stroke onset (Fig. 3.4). This correlates well with positron emission tomography studies that show penumbral tissue persists up to 48 h after symptom onset, and that spontaneous survival of this tissue results in clinical improvement (Markus et al. 2003 Read et al. 2000). There is mounting evidence that the time window for salvage of the penumbra is well beyond 3 h and multimodal MRI can identify such patients. 

Farde, L., Wiesel, F. A., Stone-Elander, S., Halldin, C., Nordstrom, A. L., Hall, H., Sedvall, G. 1990, D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. A positron emission tomography study with [11C] raclopride, Arch.Gen.Psychiatry, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 213-219. 

Pruessner, J. C., Champagne, E, Meaney, M. J., Dagher, A. 2004, Dopamine release in response to a psychological stress in humans and its relationship to early life maternal care a positron emission tomography study using [llC]raclopride, J.Neurosci., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 2825-2831. 

Meyer, J., Wilson, A., Sagrati, S., Hussey, D., Carella, A., Potter, W., et al. (2004). Serotonin transporter occupancy of five selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors at different doses An [11CJDASB positron emission tomography study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 826-835. 

Yanai K, Tashiro M. 2007. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of neuronal histamine An insight from human positron emission tomography studies. Pharmacol Ther 113 1-15. 

Despite the limitations of fMRI outlined above, fMRI studies have shown similar findings to those of positron emission tomography studies in recovery after stroke (Yozbatiran and Cramer 2006 Rijntjes 2006). Increased ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortical activity with posterior displacement of the ipsilesional focus of activity, bilateral supplementary motor area activation and premotor cortical activation occurs after stroke with use of the affected hand in comparison with use of the unaffected hand (Weiller et al. 1992 Cramer et al. 1997 Cao et al. 1998 Pineiro et at 2001). Specifically, in patients with capsular or other subcortical stroke, good recovery is related to enhanced recruitment of the lateral premotor cortex of the lesional hemisphere and lateral premotor and, to a lesser extent, primary sensorimotor and parietal cortex of the contralateral hemisphere (Gerloff et al. 2006). 

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