Posttraumatic stress disorders

A diagnosis of PTSD in adults and children requires the presence of several conditions (7,23,27)  

The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following were present  

The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced in one (or more) of the following ways  

Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by three (or more) of the following  

Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not present before the trauma), as indicated by two 

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Clinicians have more recently become more aware of elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in both men and women with opioid dependence (Hien et al. 2000). A lifetime prevalence of PTSD of 20% in women and 11% in men was found in one sample of methadone maintenance patients (Villagomez et al. 1995). Patients often deny a PTSD history during initial assessment. They should be reassessed after they have had the opportunity to develop trust in their treating clinicians. 

Hien DA, Nunes E, Levin FR, et al Posttraumatic stress disorder and short-term outcome in early methadone treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 19 31-37, 2000 Himmelsbach CK The morphine abstinence syndrome, its nature and treatment. Ann Intern Med 13 829-839, 1941... 

Rates of smoking among patients with bipolar disorders and anxiety disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder) are also higher than those in the general population (Lasser et al. 2000), but there has been htde smdy of the factors associated with motivation to quit smoking or of smoking cessation interventions in these patient groups. 

PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder SBGM Self blood glucose monitoring... 

Powers, P., Cruse, C., Daniels, S. and Stevens, B., Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 15(2), 147-153, 1994. 

Blanchard, E., Hickling, E., Taylor, A. and Loos, W., The psychophysiology of motor vechicle accident related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy 25(3), 453-467, 1994. 

Zaslav, M., Psychology or comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse lessons for combat veterans. J Psychoactive Drugs 26(4), 393-400, 1994. 

Pawlyk, A. C., Jha, S. K., Brennan, F. X., Morrison, A. R. Ross, R. J. (2005). A rodent model of sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder the role of context after fear conditioning. Biol. Psychiatry 57, 268-77. 

Gillin J. C., Smith-Vaniz A., Schnierow B. et al. (2001). An open-label, 12-week clinical and sleep EEG study of nefazodone in chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 62, 789-96. 

Doblin, R., A clinical plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) partnering with the FDA, J. Psychoactive Drugs 34(2), 185-94, 2002. 

Clark, R. D., Canive, J. M., Calais, L. A. et al. Divalproex in posttraumatic stress disorder an open-label clinical trial. /. Trauma Stress 12 395-401,1999. 

Data from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association, 2000 429-484 and Ballenger JC, Davidson JRT, Lecrubier Y, etai Consensus statement update on posttraumatic stress disorder from the International Consensus Croup on Depression and Anxiety. J (Tin Psychiatry 2004 65(Suppi l) 55-62. 

Data from Katon WJ. Panic disorder. N Engl J Med 2006 354 2360-2367 Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, etal. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2002,3 171-199 Work Group on Panic Disorder. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998 155(Supp 5) l-34 and EffexorXR[package insert]. Philadelphia, PA Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., August 2006. 

Antidepressants Used in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder... 

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