Schizophrenic patients

Kornetsky C Hyporesponsivity of chronic schizophrenic patients to dextroamphetamine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33 1425—1428, 1976 Kosten TR Pharmacotherapy of cerebral ischemia in cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 49 133-144, 1998... 

Addington DE, Jones B, Bloom D, et al (1993). Reduction of hospital days in chronic schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone a retrospective study. Clin Ther 15,917-26. 

Chouinard G, Albr ht PS (1997). Economic and health state utility determinations for schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone or haloperidol. / Clin Psychopharmacol 17, 298—307. 

Percudani M, Fattore G, Galletta J, et al (1999). Health care costs of therapy-refractory schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine a study in a community psychiatric service in Italy. Acta Psyehiatr Scand > 274-80. 

Revicki DA, Luce BR, Weschler JM et al (1990). Cost-effectiveness of clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 850-69. 

Moller HJ, Muller H, Borison RL, et al (1995). A path analytical approach to differentiate between direct and indirect drug effects on negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients a re-evaluation of the North American Risperidone study. EurArch Psychiatry Clin Neurol243, 45—9. 

There is no evidence of a general overactivity in DA function in schizophrenic patients. Plasma prolactin is not reduced, so the DA inhibitory control of its release is normal there is no recorded increase in DA turnover as CSF and plasma levels of its major metabolite HVA are normal and dyskinesias, which would reflect increased DA activity, are rare. PM studies have shown no consistent increases in DA brain levels, although some reports show an increase in the left amygdala, or in the activity of enzymes involved in its synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase) or metabolism (MAO). For a review of the neurochemistry see Reynolds (1995). 

Kelly, C. McCreadie, R. G. (1999). Smoking habits, current symptoms, and premorbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland. Am. J. Psychiatry, 156(11), 1751-7. 

Lin, K. M., Poland, R. E. etal. (1989). A longitudinal assessment of haloperidol doses and serum concentrations in Asian and Caucasian schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry, 146(10), 1307-11. 

Lu, M. L. et al. (2000). Fluvoxamine reduces the clozapine dosage needed in refractory schizophrenic patients. /. Clin. Psychiatry, 61, 594—9. 

Lam, L. C. W., Garcia-Barcelo, M. M., Ungvari, G. S. el al. (2001). Cytochrome CYP2D6 geno-typing and association with tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry, 34, 238M1. 

Fu, Y., Fan, C. H., Deng, H. H. et al. (2006b). Association ofCYP2D6 andCYP 1A2 gene polymorphism with tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 27(3), 328-32. 

Li, F., Jiang, K. D., Jiang, S. D. et al. (2004). Novel mutation ofthe cytochrome P450 1A2 gene associated with the clinical response to clozapine in Chinese schizophrenic patients. Shanghai Archive of Psychiatry, 16(3), 136-40. 

Yang, C., Zhao, J. P., Liu, B. et al. (2002). Relationships between clozapine steady-state concentration CYP1A2 activity and clinical response in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Chinese Psychiatry, 35(4), 202-5. 

Zhou, M., Liu, P., Zhang, H. Y. et al. (2002). Double-blind comparison between risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 18(5), 341. ... 

Mantonakis, J., Markidis, M., Kontaxakis, V. 8c Liakos, A. (1985). A scale for detection of negative attitudes towards medication among relatives of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 71, 186-9. 

Examples abound regarding the role of serendipity in the discovery of new therapeutic approaches, which on closer examination usually turned out to be the result of clinicians paying attention to unexpected clinical effects rather than discounting them. For example, lithium was tried first for hypertension, chlorpro-mazine was initially developed as an anesthetic, and imipramine was originally regarded as an antihistamine and an antipsychotic agent. Without astute clinical observations, these drugs would not have found their niche, nor would clozapine have been revived for the benefit of millions of the most difficult to treat schizophrenic patients. Other examples include the expanded indications of newer... 

Olanzapine acute administration in schizophrenic patients increases delta sleep and sleep efficiency. Biol. Psychiatry 46, 141-3. 

Hogarty GE and Goldberg S (1973). Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients One year relapse rates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 54-64. 

Shaikh S, Collier DA, Sham P, Pilowsky L, Sharma T, Lin LK et al. Analysis of clozapine response and polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) in schizophrenic patients. American J ournal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 1995 60 541-545. 

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