Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride plastic

The direct addition of chlorine to ethylene produces ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane). Ethylene dichloride is the main precursor for vinyl chloride, which is an important monomer for polyvinyl chloride plastics and resins. 

Chlorinated Normal Paraffins as Polyvinyl Chloride Plasticizers... 

Chlorine is used to bleach all types of fabric, to disinfect relatively clean impervious surfaces, to purify water, and to control biofouling in cooling systems. It is used in the processing of meat, fish, vegetables, and fruits. It is also used in the manufacturing of synthetic rubber, plastics, pesticides, antifreeze, refrigerants, antiknock compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polyvinyl chloride, and chlorinated lime. Chlorine is also used in detinning... 

Plasticizer-free polyvinyl chloride, plasticizer-free copolymers of vinyl chloride and mixtmes of these polymers with other copolymers and chlorinated polyolefins containing mainly vinyl chloride in the total mixture X ... 

Electrochemical processes provide the basis for numerous chemical industries that are important both in the dollar value of the product, as in the case of aluminum, and in the value of the derived products. For example, chlorine, a large-volume chemical, is an essential intermediate in the production of polyvinyl chloride plastics, a 5 billion industry. The sizes of individual industries (3,4) are indicated in Tables 3-1 and 3-2. The large contributors are the more mature industries that are on a plateau of their growth curves. Research and development in those mature industries can have significant dollar value, and the commercial basis for R D funding already exists. 

Chlorine gas is used in the production of many other chemicals, including carbon tetrachloride, polyvinyl chloride plastic, and hydrochloric acid, ft is produced ftom the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride. What minimum mass of sodium chloride in megagrams is necessary to make 2.7 X 10 L of chlorine gas at standard temperature and pressure, STP ... 

ISO. 105. Plastics Determination of the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride, related chlorine-containing homopolymers and copolymers and their compounds Discoloration method. 1990. 

The principal use of chlorine is in the preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as vinyl chloride, CH2=CHC1 (for polyvinyl chloride plastics), and methyl chloride, CH3CI (for the manufacture of silicones, polymers wilh Si—O bonds and organic groups). Various insecticides are also chlorinated hydrocarbons many of these (such as DDT) are now restricted in their use because of possible environmental damage. 

Bromine chloride s reactivity with metals is not as great as that of bromine however, it is comparable to chlorine. Dry BrCl is typically two orders of magnitude less reactive with metals than dry bromine. Most BrCI is less corrosive than bromine. Like chlorine, BrCl is stored and shipped in steel containers. Also, Kynar and Viton plastics and Teflon are preferred over polyvinyl chloride (PVC) when BrCl is in the liquid or vapor states. 

The development of electrical power made possible the electrochemical industry. Electrolysis of sodium chloride produces chlorine and either sodium hydroxide (from NaCl in solution) or metallic sodium (from NaCl fused). Sodium hydroxide has applications similar to sodium carbonate. The ad vantage of the electrolytic process is the production of chlorine which has many uses such as production of polyvinyl chloride. PVC, for plumbing, is produced in the largest quantity of any plastic. 

The products of this electrolysis have a variety of uses. Chlorine is used to purify drinking water large quantities of it are consumed in making plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Hydrogen, prepared in this and many other industrial processes, is used chiefly in the synthesis of ammonia (Chapter 12). Sodium hydroxide (lye), obtained on evaporation of the electrolyte, is used in processing pulp and paper, in the purification of aluminum ore, in the manufacture of glass and textiles, and for many other purposes. 

The products of the chlor-alkali process are all useful. Sodium hydroxide is used to make soaps and detergents. It is widely used as a base in many other industrial chemical reactions, as well. The hydrogen produced by the chlor-alkali process is used as a fuel. Chlorine has many uses besides water treatment. For example, chlorine is used as a bleach in the pulp and paper industry. Chlorine is also used in the manufacture of chlorinated organic compounds, such as the common plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 

ISO 580 1990 Injection-moulded unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) fittings -Oven test - Test method and basic specifications ISO 727-1 2002 Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Part 1 Metric series ISO 727-2 2002 Fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-C) or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Part 2 Inch-based series ISO 1163-1 1995 Plastics - Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 1 Designation system and basis for specifications ISO 1163-2 1995 Plastics - Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 2 Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties ISO 1265 1979 Plastics - Polyvinyl chloride resins - Determination of number of impurities and foreign particles... 

Uses Secondary plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride co-polymers of styrene-butadiene and chlorinated rubber to improve chemical resistance to attack. In fluorescent and high-intensity discharge ballasts manufactured prior to 1979 (U.S. EPA, 1998). 

Chlorine is used to make plastics such as neoprene and polyvinyl chloride (vinyl). It is used to make insecticides, fireworks, explosives, and paint pigments pharmaceuticals, chloroform, and chlorofluorocarbons (ClFCs) and chlorohydfocarbons (ClHCs). 

The chlorinated ethanes and ethylenes are used as solvents, cleaning agents, and intermediates. Vinyl chloride (chloroethylene) is used in the production of plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In the pesticide industry, approximately 23 products are suspected to contain a member of this group of priority pollutants. The main pollutants include 1,2-dichloroethane, which is used as a solvent in seven pesticides and tetrachloroethylene, which is used as a solvent in two pesticides. 

Abbreviations for plastics ABS, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene CPVC, chlorinated poly vinyl chloride ECTFE, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene ETFE, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene PB, polybutylene PE, polyethylene PEEK, poly ether ether ketone PFA, perfluoroalkoxy copolymer POP, poly phenylene oxide PP, polypropylene PVC, polyvinyl chloride PVDC, poly vinylidene chloride PVDF, poly vinylidene fluoride. 

Chlorine occurs mainly in seawater, in which chloride is the most abundant anion (19350 mg kg-1), and as rock salt (halite, NaCl) in evaporites. Elemental chlorine is important in sterilization of water supplies and production of chlorinated plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), but some chlorine compounds used extensively in the past, such as the insecticide... 

The balance of this article consists of a discussion of the properties of chlorinated derivatives of these w-parafflns as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This application of course, represents just one of many potential uses for these materials. 

About one-third of the 40 million tons of chlorine produced annually goes to the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, PVC, which is one of the most versatile of all plastics. PVC is ubiquitous, being used for pipes, flooring, electrical insulation, wallpaper, school supplies, swimming pools, and many other daily-use products. 

Chlorparaffins. These are produced hy ihe random chlorination or various mixed Inng-chain paraffins. They are used as secondary plasticizers lor polyvinyl chloride, lubricating oil additives, resinous materials for coalings, and in llatiie-relardanls. 

PVC (polyvinyl chloride). These plastics are similar to polyethylene, but each of their units contain a chlorine atom. The chlorine atom renders PVC vulnerable to some solvents, but also makes it more resistant in many applications. PVC has extremely good resistance to oils (except essential oils) and very low permeability... 

The incineration of DPE suits (which are made of a mixture of polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated polyethylene, resins, plasticizers, and metal stabilizers) is subject to the same dioxin emission limits at industrial incineration facilities as they are at chemical agent disposal facilities. Thus the waste feed load and incineration bum conditions for any of these chlorinated materials into incineration units may be regulated to meet air emission control requirements. These emission control limits and resulting incineration performance requirements are spelled out in the RCRA and Clean Air Act Title 5 permits for each site. 

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