Chlorinated normal paraffins

Chlorinated Normal Paraffins as Polyvinyl Chloride Plasticizers... 

Chlorinated normal paraffins up to C30 carbon number range are of low volatility and are thermally unstable, producing hydrogen chloride on decomposition hence direct gas chromatography is not attractive. 

Highly pure / -hexane can be produced by adsorption on molecular sieves (qv) (see Adsorption, liquid separation) (43). The pores admit normal paraffins but exclude isoparaffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics. The normal paraffins are recovered by changing the temperature and/or pressure of the system or by elution with a Hquid that can be easily separated from / -hexane by distillation. Other than ben2ene, commercial hexanes also may contain small concentrations of olefins (qv) and compounds of sulfur, oxygen, and chlorine. These compounds caimot be tolerated in some chemical and solvent appHcations. In such cases, the commercial hexanes must be purified by hydrogenation. 

In the early 1960s the petroleum industry employing molecular sieve technology made available a low cost and plentihil supply of normal paraffin fractions of very high purity. This enabled chlorinated paraffin manufacturers to exploit new appHcations with a range of products specifically designed to meet the technical and commercial requirements. 

The principal feedstocks used today are the normal paraffin fractions CIO—C13, C12—C14, C14—C17, and C18—C20 together with paraffin wax fractions of C24—C30, precise compositions may vary depending on petroleum oil source. Chlorination extent generally varies from 30 to 70% by weight. The choice of paraffinic feedstock and chlorine content is dependent on the appHcation. 

This process seems much simpler than the Ziegler process, and you may wonder why it has not crowded Ziegler out. The problem is the olefin feed. Where do you get a ready supply of olefins the right size to feed to the process The answer is you have to malce them, and therein lies the rub. Normal paraffins from petroleum waxes or other chemical processes provide the feedstock to a two-step process, chlorination and dehydrochlorination, which produces an olefin corresponding to the paraffin. 

Normal Paraffin-Based Olefins, Detergent range -paraffins are currently isolated from refinery streams by molecular sieve processes (see ADSORPTION, LIQUID separation) and converted to olefins by two methods. In the process developed by Universal Oil Products and practiced by Enichem and Mitsubishi Petrochemical, a -paraffin of the desired chain length is dehydrogenated using the Pacol process in a catalytic fixed-bed reactor in the presence of excess hydrogen at low pressure and moderately high temperature. The product after adsorptive separation is a linear, random, primarily internal olefin. Shell formedy produced olefins by chlorination—dehydrochlorination. Typically, C —C14 -paraffins are chlorinated in a fluidized bed at 300°C with low conversion (10—15%) to limit dichloroalkane and trichloroalkane formation. Unreacted paraffin is recycled after distillation and the predominant monochloroalkane is dehydrochlorinated at 300°C over a catalyst such as nickel acetate [373-02-4]. The product is a linear, random, primarily internal olefin. 

Paraffins (petroleum), normal C5-20. See Paraffins, normal C5-20 Paraffinum liquidum. See Mineral oil Paraffin Wax 120/127, Paraffin Wax 130/135] Paraffin Wax 138/140] Paraffin Wax SP173] Paraffin Wax SP 192] Paraffin Wax SP 206] Paraffin Wax SP 227B] Paraffin Wax SP 434] Paraffin Wax SP 673] Paraffin Wax SP 674] Paraffin Wax SP 1275] Paraffin wax Paraffin waxes. See Paraffin Paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes, chlorinated. See Paraffin, chlorinated Paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes, chlorinated (Cl2, 60% chlorine). See Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine) Paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes, chlorinated (C23, 43% chlorine). See Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) Paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes, microcrystalline. See Microcrystalline wax Paraffin waxes and hydrocarbon waxes, microcrystalline, hydrotreated. See Hydrogenated microcrystalline wax Paraffin wax fume. See Paraffin Parafiini A1] Parafiini A2] Parafiint A3] Parafiint A6] Parafiini A14] Parafiini A28] Parafiini APS, Parafiint C8S, Parafiini ... 

Stary (1966) discusses the results of Oak Ridge National Laboratory studies of americium/californium separation factors in HDEHP extraction as a function of the organic diluent, As presented in table 6, while the change in diluent from normal paraffin hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons to chlorinated solvents results in an order of magnitude variation in the overall extraction of Am and Cf, the Am/Cf separation factors remain constant at 110( 8). 

As mentioned in Chapter 2, methane is a one-carhon paraffinic hydrocarbon that is not very reactive under normal conditions. Only a few chemicals can he produced directly from methane under relatively severe conditions. Chlorination of methane is only possible by thermal or photochemical initiation. Methane can be partially oxidized with a limited amount of oxygen or in presence of steam to a synthesis gas mixture. Many chemicals can be produced from methane via the more reactive synthesis gas mixture. Synthesis gas is the precursor for two major chemicals, ammonia and methanol. Both compounds are the hosts for many important petrochemical products. Figure 5-1 shows the important chemicals based on methane, synthesis gas, methanol, and ammonia. ... 

Some variations from the normal routine had occurred in the course of preparing this batch, including - addition of a major portion of the chlorinated paraffin to the reactor which still contained 100-150 kg of a previous batch of accelerator, followed by standing for 16 days over a winter holiday break use of 20% more... 

Before 1925, there were a few compounded oils made for special purposes, such as lubrication of marine engines and steam cylinders, but additives were not used in automotive crankcase oils. In the 1930 s, chemical compounds made by condensation of chlorinated paraffin wax with naphthalene were found to lower the pour points of oils. Pour depressants (9) apparently are adsorbed on small wax crystals which separate from oils when they are chilled. The protective adsorbed layer of additive prevents the normal interlacing of larger wax crystals which forms a gel. In 1934 polymerized unsaturated hydrocarbons first came into large scale commercial use to lower the temperature coefficient of viscosity of oils. Other compounds for increasing the viscosity index of oils have since become common. 

Chlorinated paraffins are normally divided into three sub-groups short-chain (SCCP), medium-chain (MCCP) and long-chain (LCCP) chlorinated paraffins. 

The normal liquid chlorinated paraffins used as plasticizers for PVC have viscosities ranging from 100 to 40,000 MPa.s at 20°C. Products with chlorine contents ranging from 30 to 70% are on the market. Compatibility with PVC increases with increasing chlorine content but the plasticizing effect is reduced. The low viscosity products (chlorine content 30%—40%) are used as secondary plasticizers for PVC. They have a stabilizing effect on viscosity in plastisols. Chlorinated paraffins can be used up to a maximum of 25% of the total plasticizer content of the PVC plastisol without the risk of exudation. As chlorine-containing substances, these plasticizers also have a flame-retarding effect. 

Exxon Chlorobutyl 1065 Exxon Chlorobutyl 1066, Exxon Chlorobutyl 1068. See Isobutylene/isoprene copolymer, chlorinated ExxonMobil IPA. See Isopropyl alcohol ExxonMobil MEK. See Methyl ethyl ketone Exxpar451. See Paraffins, normal C5-20 Exx-Print 176 D Exx-Print 283 D. See Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light Exx-PrInt 287 D. See Paraffins, normal C5-20 Exx-PrInt 588 D. See Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated middle... 

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