High-intensity discharge

The first step in the design of a lighting system is the determination of the various lighting levels required for the specific areas of the facility. Typically, the majority of the fixtures are high intensity discharge (HID) fixtures and fluorescent fixtures. Certain applications may require incandescent fixtures as well. 

Luminaire types (a) parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) lamp holder (b) incandescent, compact fluorescent or high-intensity discharge lamp downlight (c) lensed fluorescent lamp luminaire (d) wall-mounted compact fluorescent lamp luminaire (e) wall-mounted high-intensity discharge lamp luminaire (f) roadway luminaire (g) low bay industrial luminaire (h) multi-faceted reflector (MR) lamp (i) pendant sphere. 

The instrumentation required for atomic fluorescence measurements is simpler than that used for absorption. As the detector is placed so as to avoid receiving radiation directly from the lamp, it is not strictly necessary to use a sharp-line source or a monochromator. Furthermore, fluorescence intensities are directly related to the intensity of the primary radiation so that detection limits can be improved by employing a high-intensity discharge lamp. 

Uses Insulator fluid for electric condensers additive in high pressure lubricants. In fluorescent and high-intensity discharge ballasts manufactured prior to 1979 (U.S. EPA, 1998). 

Uses In polyvinyl acetate to improve fiber-tear properties plasticizer for polystyrene in epoxy resins and polyvinyl acetate to improve adhesion and resistance to chemical attack as an insulator fluid for electric condensers and as an additive in very high pressure lubricants. In fluorescent and high-intensity discharge ballasts manufactured prior to 1979 (U.S. EPA, 1998). 

Mercury Vapor Lamp- A high-intensity discharge lamp that uses mercury as the primary light-producing element. Includes clear, phosphor coated, and self-ballasted lamps. 

Sodium Lights - A type of high intensity discharge light that has the most lumens per watt of any light source. 

Three decades ago, Greskovich and Chernoch created a new field of application of yttria by producing a laser yttria host-based ceramic material [312]. Yttria is not only used as a solid-state laser material as a laser host crystal for trivalent lanthanide activators, such as Yb + and Nd, but also shows significant potential for luminous pipes in high-intensity discharge lamps and heat-resistive windows. 

Transparent ITR formulations are also used in refractors for high-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps. The refractors have to be able to withstand the combination of intense light (UV and visible) and heat. In addition, for many applications, such as vandal-resistant refractors, high impact strength is also required. The improved color stability of low- and medium-ITR resins over standard PC and UV-stabilized PC homopolymer is shown in tests with a sample surface temperature of 105 3°C and a 400-W metal-halide lamp (Fig. 14.21). 

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