Chloride/chlorine

The most outstanding property of the perchlorates is their oxidising abiUty. On heating, these compounds decompose into chlorine, chlorides, and oxygen gas. Aqueous perchlorate solutions exhibit Httle or no oxidising power when dilute or cold. However, hot concentrated perchloric acid is a powerful oxidizer and whenever it contacts oxidizable matter extreme caution is required. The acidified concentrated solutions of perchlorate salts must also be handled with caution. Ammonium perchlorate [7790-98-9] (AP) is one of the most important perchlorates owing to its high (54.5%) O2 content and the... 

Refractory metals Zirconium Hafnium Titanium Kroll process, chlorination, and magnesium reduction Chlorine, chlorides, SiCli Wet scrubbers... 

Manufacture Co-produced with sodium hydroxide by the electrolysis of salt brine. electrical current 2NaCH-2H20 2NaOH -1- H2 -l- CI2 sodium water hydrogen chlorine chloride... 

To further understand and characterise the oxide deactivation process, a.c. impedance studies were carried out, primarily with a 30 at.% Ru/Ti electrode, at various stages during deactivation. These data were compared to those obtained for freshly formed Ru/Ti oxide films, ranging in Ru content from 5 to 40 at.%. Impedance data were collected at the oxide OCP (approximately 0.9 V versus SCE) in fresh NaCI solutions. Under these conditions, no chlorine reactions can occur and the OCP is defined by the equilibria of the redox states on the Ru oxide surface. Deactivation was generally accomplished by square-wave potential cycling, using overpotentials versus the chlorine/chloride potential of 1.59 to — 0.08 V (60 s cycle-1) in 5 M NaCI + 0.1 M HC1 solutions at room temperature. 

Several investigations have been made of the reduction of cobalt(II) to cobalt(O) in molten salt media. Eor a eutectic melt of LiCl-KCl at 450°C[10], a 1 1 NaCl-KCl melt at 450°C[11], and a MgCh-NaCl-KCl (50 30 20 mol%) mixture at 475 °C [12], the apparent standard potentials for the cobalt(II)-cobalt(0) couple have been deduced to be —1.207 V, — 1.277 V, and—1.046 V, respectively, each with respect to a chlorine-chloride ion reference electrode. 

Hydrolysis proceeds at low temperatures. Light decomposes the chloride with the production of chlorine. Chlorides of organic acids can be produced by the action of this substance upon salts of organic acids,... 

Sie et al. [601—603] analysed silicon and tin in different alloys and steel samples. A sample of the material (1-50 mg) was heated at 600-900° C in a quartz tube, which was then washed with chlorine. Chlorides were trapped in a colum packed with 15% of Kel-F 40 on Haloport F and analysed on the same column at 75°C. With the use of a gas-density balance and PTFE-coated filaments a sensitivity of 50 ppm was obtained for silicon. The analysis time of 15—20 min can be reduced to 10 min. 

Considering the reaction between Ce(IV) and chloride ion, it appears that the observed formal potential of 1.28 V in 1 M hydrochloric acid is actually a mixed potential determined partly by the chlorine-chloride couple. Consequently, measured values of the potential cannot be used to calculate the formation constants of Ce(rV)-chloride complexes. From a practical analytical viewpoint, however, it is important that Ce(IV) can be used as a titrant for solutions containing up to 3 Af hydrochloric acid without loss of chlorine. 

One of the industrially most important electrode reactions is that of anodic CI2 evolution. The thermodynamics of the chlorine-chloride reaction at equilibrium,... 

Cyanate Hydroxyl ion Chlorine Chloride ion Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water... 

A cell is constructed at 25°C as follows. One half-cell consists of a chlorine/chloride, CI2/CE, electrode with the partial pressure of CI2 = 0.100 atm and [Cl ] = 0.100 M. The other halfcell involves the Mn04 /Mn + couple in acidic solution with [Mn04 ] = 0.100 M, [Mn +] = 0.100 M, and [H ] = 0.100 M. Apply the Nernst equation to the overall cell reaction to determine the cell potential for this cell. 

In the same way the common properties of all alkaline solutions are accounted for by the formation of hydroxyl ions, of all solutions of chlorides by the formation of chloride ions, of all sulphates by the formation of sulphate ions, etc. A solution, thus, is a mixture of tAvo or more ionic substances together with the original substance put into the solution, provided the reaction of dissociation has not been complete. It does not follow, hoAvever, that all substances react this Avay Avhen dissolved, or that all compounds of hydrogen form hydrogen ions, of chlorine, chloride ions, etc,... 

Paper making consumed several thousand tons of various chemicals annually, and this demand stimulated the development of certain chemical branches, such as the production of sulphur, chlorine, and caustic and calcium salts. Nevertheless, in 1938 more than half of the chlorine, chloride of lime, sulphur and Glauber salt required was imported. Therefore, even in this field not all potential for growth was used. 

These ores are the principal raw materials used in the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigment The first step to purify the ore is basically a refinement, using either sulfuric acid (sulfate process Gesenhues et al., 2003) or chlorine (chloride process) as an extraction agent... 

The chlorine/chloride half-cell half-equation is multiplied through by 6 before it is added to the dichromate(vi)/chromium(iii) half-equation. 

Chlorine. Chloride binding to the AMLl/Runxl transcription factor has been studied by C1 NMR spectroscopy. ... 

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