Polyvinyl chloride, plasticized

A development of interest to the chemical industiy is the tubular precipitator of reinforced-plastic construction (Wanner, Gas Cleaning Plant after T1O2 Rotary Kilns, technical bulletin, Lurgi Corp., Frankfurt, Germany, 1971). Tubes made of polyvinyl chloride plastic are reinforced on the outside with polyester-fiber glass. The use of modern economical materials of construction to replace high-maintenance materials such as lead has been long awaited for corrosive applications. 

The wet deck or surface, is the heart of most cooling towers. Generally, it takes the form of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic film type surface. Water is made to spread out on this surface maximizing it s contact area with air to encourage evaporation. It consists of individual vacuum formed sheets with proprietary patterns of ridges. 

The direct addition of chlorine to ethylene produces ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane). Ethylene dichloride is the main precursor for vinyl chloride, which is an important monomer for polyvinyl chloride plastics and resins. 

Phthalic anhydride s main use is for producing plasticizers by reactions with C4-C10 alcohols. The most important polyvinyl chloride plasticizer is formed by the reaction of 2-ethylhexanol (produced via butyraldehyde. Chapter 8) and phthalic anhydride ... 

SAN (styrene acrylonitrile) Polyvinyl chloride Plasticized Unplasticized Polyvinylidene chloride Styrene copolymer (SMA) Crystal Impact... 

Glasses exist that fnnction as selective electrodes for many different monovalent and some divalent cations. Alternatively, a hydrophobic membrane can be made semiper-meable if a hydrophobic molecnle called an ionophore that selectively binds an ion is dissolved in it. The selectivity of the membrane is determined by the structnre of the ionophore. Some ionophores are natnral products, such as gramicidin, which is highly specific for K+, whereas others such as crown ethers and cryptands are synthetic. Ions such as, 1, Br, and N03 can be detected using quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants as a lipid-soluble counterion. ISEs are generally sensitive in the 10 to 10 M range, but are not perfectly selective. The most typical membrane material used in ISEs is polyvinyl chloride plasticized with dialkylsebacate or other hydrophobic chemicals. 

Jenke, D. R. (1993), Modehng of solute sorption by polyvinyl chloride plastic infusion bags,/. Pharm. Sci., 82(11), 1134-1139. 

Mitsubishi Kasei introduced a process to manufacture isononyl alcohol, an important PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plasticizer, via the hydroformylation of octenes (a mixture of isomers produced by dimerization of the C4 cut of naphtha cracker or FCC processes).95 First a nonmodified rhodium complex exhibiting high activity and selectivity in the formation of the branched aldehyde is used. After the oxo reaction, before separation of the catalyst, triphenylphosphine is added to the reaction mixture and the recovered rhodium-triphenylphosphine is oxidized under controlled conditions. The resulting rhodium-triphenylphosphine oxide with an activity and selectivity similar to those of the original complex, is recycled and used again to produce isononanal. 

Cachia and his team (P) describe the column chromatographic separation of polyvinyl chloride plasticizers. The plasticization agent in the eluate was identified by infrared spectroscopy. These authors expressly state that chromatography is useful for separations only it is not intended to identify substances. However, they mention that spectroscopy, in the future, may be replaced by combining refractive index data with color tests. 

Chlorinated Normal Paraffins as Polyvinyl Chloride Plasticizers... 

In summary, the volume resistivity of polyvinyl chloride plasticized by liquid or elastomeric plasticizers, or internally plasticized by copolymerization, was intermediate between the inherent volume resistivities of the pure components and combined the contributions of each of them. The presence of ionic soluble impurities in liquid plasticizers provided mobile ions which conducted electricity and thus lowered volume resistivity. Copolymerization with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate provided an excellent balance of softness and flexibility with high volume resistivity further studies of internal plasticization by copolymerization are therefore recommended. 

Although environmentally persistent, most of the common phthalates have low toxicity ratings of 2 or 3, based on acute toxic effects. There is particular concern with regard to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride plastic medical devices.12 Dialysis patients and hemophiliacs who receive frequent blood transfusions are especially likely to receive potentially harmful levels of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalates from contact of fluids with such devices. 

Vinyl chloride is consumed in large quantities to manufacture polyvinyl chloride plastic, a major polymer in pipe, hose, wrapping, and other products. Vinyl chloride is a highly flammable volatile gas with a sweet, not unpleasant odor. 

Many workers have been exposed to vinyl chloride because of its use in polyvinyl chloride plastic manufacture. The central nervous system, respiratory system, liver, and blood and lymph systems are all affected by exposure to vinyl chloride. Among the symptoms of poisoning are fatigue, weakness, and abdominal pain. Cyanosis may also occur. Vinyl chloride was abandoned as an anesthetic when it was found to induce cardiac arrhythmias. 

A. Tanaka, H. Staudinger s research and the birth of the polymer industry in Germany. I. The foundation of industrial production of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride plastics , Kagakushi Kenkyu, 1996,23,1-14, 147-166 [in Japanese],... 

Phthalic anhydride is made by air oxidation of ortho-xylene. About half of phthalic anhydride is used to make plasticizers, especially the compound dioctyl phthalate, for softening polyvinyl chloride plastic. Phthalic anhydride is also used to make unsaturated polyester resins and alkyd paints. 

Polyamide, Polyvinyl chloride, Plasticized soft nylon... 

Cobalt catalysts completely dominated industrial hydroformylation rmtil the early 1970s, when rhodium catalysts were commercialized. Most aldehydes produced are hydrogenated to alcohols or oxidized to carboxylic acids. Esterification of the alcohols with phthalic anhydride produces dialkyl phtha-late plasticizers that are primarily used for polyvinyl chloride plastics - the largest single end-use. Detergents and surfactants make up the next largest category, followed by solvents, lubricants, and chemical intermediates. 

Veith, G.D., Macek, K.J., Petrocelli, S.R., Carroll, J. (1980) An evaluation of using partition coefficients and water solubility to estimate bioconcentration factors for organic chemicals in fish. In Aquatic Toxicology, pp. 116-129. ASTM STP 707, Eaton, J.G., Parrish, P.R., Hendricks, A.C., Eds., pp.116-129. Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Verhoek, P.H., Marshall, A.L. (1939) Vapor pressures and accommodation coefficients of four non-volatile compounds. The vapor pressure of tri-ra-cresyl phosphate over polyvinyl chloride plastics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61, 2737-2742. 

The HCl can be recovered and converted to CI2 for further production of 1,2-dichloroethane from ethylene. Vinyl chloride has a much lower boiling point than 1,2-dichloroethane (-13°C compared with 84°C), so the two are easily separated by fractional distillation. Vinyl chloride is used in the production of polyvinyl chloride plastic (see Section 23.1). 

Bakers (flour dust) farmers (hay mold) spice and enzyme workers printers (arabic gum) chemical workers (azo dyes, anthraquinone, ethylenediamine, toluene diisocyanates, polyvinyl chloride) plastics, rubber, and wood workers (formaldehyde, western cedar, dimethylethanolamine, anhydrides)... 

Plasticizer-free polyvinyl chloride, plasticizer-free copolymers of vinyl chloride and mixtmes of these polymers with other copolymers and chlorinated polyolefins containing mainly vinyl chloride in the total mixture X ... 

Ethylene Vinyl chloride 77 91 Polyvinyl chloride (plastics) ... 

Electrochemical processes provide the basis for numerous chemical industries that are important both in the dollar value of the product, as in the case of aluminum, and in the value of the derived products. For example, chlorine, a large-volume chemical, is an essential intermediate in the production of polyvinyl chloride plastics, a 5 billion industry. The sizes of individual industries (3,4) are indicated in Tables 3-1 and 3-2. The large contributors are the more mature industries that are on a plateau of their growth curves. Research and development in those mature industries can have significant dollar value, and the commercial basis for R D funding already exists. 

Chlorine gas is used in the production of many other chemicals, including carbon tetrachloride, polyvinyl chloride plastic, and hydrochloric acid, ft is produced ftom the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride. What minimum mass of sodium chloride in megagrams is necessary to make 2.7 X 10 L of chlorine gas at standard temperature and pressure, STP ... 

Vinyl chloride CH2=CHC1 Polyvinyl chloride Plastic pipe. 

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