Bromine chlorides

Impurities in bromine may be deterrnined quantitatively (54). Weighing the residue after evaporation of a bromine sample yields the total nonvolatile matter. After removing the bromine, chloride ion may be deterrnined by titration with mercuric nitrate, and iodide ion by titration with thiosulfate water and organic compounds may be detected by infrared spectroscopy sulfur may be deterrnined turbidimetricaHy as barium sulfate and heavy metals may be deterrnined colorimetricaHy after conversion to sulfides. 

Bromine Chloride for Treating Cooling Water and Wastewater, Ethyl Corp., Sept. 1984. 

BrCl exists in equilibrium with bromine and chlorine in both gas and liquid phases. Table 5 lists various physical properties of BrCl. Due to the polarity of BrCl, it shows greater solubility than bromine in polar solvents. In water, it has a solubility of 8.5 gms per 100 gms of water at 20 C (that is, 2.5 times the solubility of bromine 11 times that of chlorine). Bromine chloride s solubility in water is increased greatly by adding chloride ions to form the complex chlorobromate ion, BrCl 2. 

The major organic reactions of BrCl consist of electrophilic brominations of aromatic compounds. Many aromatic compounds do not react in aqueous solution unless the reaction involves activated aromatic compounds (an example being phenol). Bromine chloride undergoes free-radical reactions more readily than bromine. 

Bromine chloride s reactivity with metals is not as great as that of bromine however, it is comparable to chlorine. Dry BrCl is typically two orders of magnitude less reactive with metals than dry bromine. Most BrCI is less corrosive than bromine. Like chlorine, BrCl is stored and shipped in steel containers. Also, Kynar and Viton plastics and Teflon are preferred over polyvinyl chloride (PVC) when BrCl is in the liquid or vapor states. 

At a certain temperature, K is 0.040 for the decomposition of two moles of bromine chloride gas (BrCl) to its elements. An equilibrium mixture at this temperature contains bromine and chlorine gases at equal partial pressures of0.0493 atm. What is the equilibrium partial pressure of bromine chloride ... 

Whilst molecular hypobromous acid can be a brominating species, it is not believed to be the active species in acetic acid solution. The bromination of 4-nitroanisole by hypobromous acid in 75 % aqueous acetic acid at 19.8 °C gave a second-order rate coefficient of 0.162, so that the brominating species here appears to be more reactive than molecular bromine194. In addition, the presence of 0.05 M sodium acetate caused the rate coefficient to fall to only 0.040, and both these observations were contrary to expectation if hypobromous acid was the brominating species, but are quite consistent with it being bromine acetate, BrOAc. Also, the addition of chloride ion caused the reaction to become immeasurably slow, due to the formation of the much less reactive bromine chloride. 

Several advantages have been attributed to bromine chloride, warranting its use rather than bromine in certain cases. Such advantages may include ... 

Several routes for producing bromine chloride have been examined. The reaction attains equilibrium in both the liquid and vapour phases ... 

The heat capacity of bromine chloride was determined to be 23 cal/(grmol-K), compared to a value of only 8.4 cal/(grmol-K) stated elsewhere (ref. 1). The experimental result should not be trusted in this case, since its measurement was made under conditions where vaporization is considerable. The measurement will be repeated under pressure. 

I. Joffee, in "The Production of Bromine Chloride and Its Reactions with Olefins", DSB-BCL First Intermediate Report, March 31, (1974). 

Disinfection, 8 605-672. See also Disinfection processes antimicrobial nanoemulsion technology, 8 630-631 bromine, 8 621-626 bromine chloride, 8 626-628 chlorination, 8 610-615 chlorine dioxide, 8 617-619 dechlorination with sulfur dioxide, 8 615-617... 

The addition of bromine chloride (BrCl) and amine-bromine chloride complexes to cyclopentadiene, isoprene and cis- and fraws-l,3-pentadienes has been also investigated74,77. The amine-bromine chloride complexes react with these dienes to give mixtures of bromochlorides in ratios markedly different from those obtained with BrCl. In particular, in analogy with Br2, BrCl gives significantly more 1,4-addition and the complexes give more anti 1,2-addition. Only Markovnikov 1,2-adducts have been reported for BrCl addition to these dienes. Furthermore, in the case of cyclopentadiene, 1,2-addition proceeds completely anti whereas 1,4-addition gives predominantly the cis adducts (equation 45). 

Bromine chloride [13863-41-7] Palaemonetes pugio EC50 (48-h) -0.30 Burton and Margrey, 1978... 

Bartlett, W.P. and Margerum, D.W. Temperature dependencies of the Henry s law constant and the aqueous phase dissociation constant of bromine chloride, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 33(19) 3410-3414, 1999. 

Burton, D.T. and Margrey, S.L. An evaluation of acute bromine chloride toxicity to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.) and juvenile blue crabs (Calllnectes sapldusf, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 19(2) 131-138, 1978. 

Bromine chloride (BrCl) is an irritating red, smelly liquid used to treat industrial and sewage wastes. 

A detailed examination of OSO4 reactions with A -steroids has been reported." The A-ring conformation of the reactant or derived complex is important in determining the stereoselectivity of these reactions, and the major role of the proximate substituents is to anchor the appropriate conformation favouring a- or /3-attack. Studies on the stereochemistry of electrophilic attack on cholest-5-en-3-one continue." As with bromine chloride," appreciable /3-attack occurs and the 5/3,6j8-epoxide was isolated along with the previously reported 5a,6a-epoxide and the Baeyer-Villiger product, the A-homo-enol lactone (58). Base-catalysed... 

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