Other industrial processes

While the hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile to adiponitrile has been the most successful commercial organic process, a few other organic compounds are known to be prepared by electrolysis on an industrial scale. Many more possible processes have been examined on a pilot-plant scale and some of these may also have been extended to commercial operation. In addition, the literature describing laboratory-scale organic electrosynthesis is now very extensive. 

On the other hand there are a number of similarities in the processes. It can be seen that, in contrast to academic studies of recent years, reactions in aqueous media predominate. This is largely because the state of the art in cell design still does not allow electrolysis with a competitive energy efficiency except in highly conducting media, i.e. aqueous media with high electrolyte concentration. Hence the successful reactions are those where  

The indirect electrolytic processes still employ redox reagents but because they are continuously recycled the effluent problem is greatly reduced. The conversion of anthracene to anthraquinone is a typical example of such a process. A concentrated solution of chromium(III) in aqueous sulphuric acid is partially oxidized to dichromate at a Pb (i.e. Pb covered in situ by Pb02) anode 

Pb(CH3)4 and Pb(C2Hs)4 CHaMgCl or C2H5MgCl Oxidation at a Pb anode in a mixed ether solvent 

7C0F C3F7COF CgHivCOOH C3H7COOH Perfluorination at a Ni anode in HF medium 

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Hydrogen is also a significant by-product of other industrial processes, such as steam pyrolysis (68) of hydrocarbons to produce ethylene (qv), eg,... 

Since then, water has emerged as a useful solvent for organometallic catalysis. In addition to the hydroformylation reactions, several other industrial processes... 

The potential durability of a coating system can be realized only if it is applied to a suitably prepared surface, in the correct manner under correct conditions. Painting differs from any other industrial processes in that it is not susceptible to operator abuse or adverse environmental influences throughout all stages of the work. 

The products of this electrolysis have a variety of uses. Chlorine is used to purify drinking water large quantities of it are consumed in making plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Hydrogen, prepared in this and many other industrial processes, is used chiefly in the synthesis of ammonia (Chapter 12). Sodium hydroxide (lye), obtained on evaporation of the electrolyte, is used in processing pulp and paper, in the purification of aluminum ore, in the manufacture of glass and textiles, and for many other purposes. 

Papain is a cysteine protease isolated from the latex of the immature fruit and leaves of the plant Carica papaya. It consists of a single 23.4 kDa, 212 amino acid polypeptide, and the purified enzyme exhibits broad proteolytic activity. Although it can be used as a debriding agent, it is also used for a variety of other industrial processes, including meat tenderizing and for the clarification of beverages. 

Optimization is the use of specific methods to determine the most cost-effective and efficient solution to a problem or design for a process. This technique is one of the major quantitative tools in industrial decision making. A wide variety of problems in the design, construction, operation, and analysis of chemical plants (as well as many other industrial processes) can be resolved by optimization. In this chapter we examine the basic characteristics of optimization problems and their solution techniques and describe some typical benefits and applications in the chemical and petroleum industries. 

Feedstock petroleum as it is fed to the refinery a refinery product that is used as the raw material for another process the term is also generally applied to raw materials used in other industrial processes. 

Steam, at high temperatures (975-1375 K) is mixed with methane gas in a reactor with a Ni-based catalyst at pressures of 3-25 bar to yield carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H ). Steam reforming is the process by which methane and other hydrocarbons in natural gas are converted into hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reaction with steam over a nickel catalyst on a ceramic support. The hydrogen and carbon monoxide are used as initial material for other industrial processes. 

The production of diphenols from phenol and H2O2 on TS-1 has proved competitive with other industrial processes and a plant has been built which operates since 1986 with excellent results. 

Other industrial processes are the liquid-phase oxidation in the presence of cobalt catalysts [171] and the electrochemical oxidation in the presence of lower aliphatic alcohols via the corresponding anisaldehyde dialkyl acetal [172]. 

Although titanium has a large positive E° for oxidation, and T dust will burn in air, the bulk metal is remarkably immune to corrosion because its surface becomes coated with a thin, protective oxide film. Titanium objects are inert to seawater, nitric acid, hot aqueous NaOH, and even to aqueous chlorine gas. Titanium is therefore used in chemical plants, in desalination equipment, and in numerous other industrial processes that demand inert, noncorrosive materials. Because it is nontoxic and inert to body fluids, titanium is even used for manufacturing artificial joints and dental implants. 

Other industrial processes involve the electrolysis of aqueous solutions. To help you to understand what is happening in these processes, we will first consider the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid. 

Other industrial processes also make use of enzymes. 

Microporous solids, zeolites in particular, are widely used in heterogeneous catalytic processes, separations, oil recovery, and other industrial processes (i). A microscopic... 

Dense-phase carbon dioxide is a great cleaning solvent from a pollution-prevention viewpoint. By-product C02 generated by other industrial processes can be captured, so it is not necessary to generate C02 specifically for cleaning. Spills of C02 will not contaminate groundwater or create a need for soil remediation. Carbon dioxide even has advantages for the work environment, since no chronic, harmful effects are known from repeated inhalation of low concentrations of C02. 

Finally, several other industrial processes have tested or used TDF as a supplemental boiler fuel to coal or RDF. 

These include plants that manufacture chemicals, glass, grain, steering and gear manufacturing, and tractors. These other industrial processes are grouped together, and are discussed in Chapter 7, Supplemental TDF Use in Other Boiler Applications. 

The book is presented in two parts. Part I covers the problems associated with scrap tires and identifies existing and potential source reduction and utilization methods that may be effective in solving the tire problem. Barriers to increased utilization and options for removing the barriers are identified and evaluated. Part II provides information on the use of whole, scrap tires and tire-derived-fuel (TDF) as combustion fuel, and on the pyrolysis of scrap tires. The use of whole tires and TDF as a primary fuel is discussed for dedicated tire-to-energy facilities. The use of whole tires and TDF as a supplemental fuel is discussed for cement manufacturing plants, electric utilities, pulp and paper mills, and other industrial processes. The focus of Part II is on the impact of burning whole tires and TDF on air emissions. The information in the book is from the following documents ... 

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