Polyphosphated alcohols

Phosphated and Polyphosphated Alcohols In most cases aliphatic alcohols with a chain length in the range of 10-20 carbon atoms are converted with phosphorus pentoxide. A mixture of alkyl dihydrogen esters (primary) and dialkyl hydrogen esters (secondary) are yielded. 

Related esters of this alcohol are disclosed by Ak2o as useflil flame retardants for polypropylene, particularly in combination with ammonium polyphosphate (90). 

A similar process allows reacting triethyl phosphate and phosphorous pentoxide to form a polyphosphate in an organic solvent [871]. An excess of 1.3 moles of triethyl phosphate with respect to phosphorous pentoxide is the most preferred ratio. In the second stage, a mixture of higher aliphatic alcohols from hexanol to decanol is added in an amount of 3 moles per 1 mole phosphorous pentoxide. Aluminum sulfate is used as a crosslinker. Hexanol results in a high-temperature viscosity of the gel, while maintaining at a pumpable viscosity at ambient temperatures [870]. 

A gel of diesel or crude oil can be produced using a phosphate diester or an aluminum compound with phosphate diester [740]. The metal phosphate diester may be prepared by reacting a triester with phosphorous pentoxide to produce a polyphosphate, which is then reacted with an alcohol (usually hexanol) to produce a phosphate diester [870]. The latter diester is then added to the organic liquid along with a nonaqueous source of aluminum, such as aluminum isopropoxide (aluminum-triisopropylate) in diesel oil, to produce the metal phosphate diester. The conditions in the previous reaction steps are controlled to provide a gel with good viscosity versus temperature and time characteristics. All the reagents are substantially free of water and will not affect the pH. 

Previous methods for the preparation of salts of geranyl diphosphate and other allylic isoprenoid diphosphates are based on condensation between the alcohol and inorganic phosphate by trichloroacetonitrile as originally reported by Cramer and modified by Popjak The reaction generates a complex mixture of organic and inorganic polyphosphates which must be separated by chromatography. The desired diphosphate ester has been prepared on small... 

The corrosion process can be inhibited by the addition of phosphate or polyphosphate ions [344], inorganic inhibitors as, for example, chromate ions [336], adsorbed alcohols [345], adsorbed amines, competing with anions for adsorption sites [339,] as well as saturated linear aliphatic mono-carboxylate anions, CH3(CH2)n-2COO , n = 7 — 11, [24]. In the latter case, the formation of the passive layer requires Pb oxidation to Pb + by dissolved oxygen and then precipitation of hardly soluble lead carboxylate on the metal surface. The corrosion protection can also be related to the hydrophobic character of carboxylate anions, which reduce the wetting of the metal surface. 

Addition of sodium polyphosphate appreciably altered the rate constants for reactions (19)—(21) and stabilized the small non-metallic silver clusters [512, 513]. Advantages of the steady-state and pulse-radiolytic approaches to silver-cluster formation are manifold. Firstly, experimental conditions can be precisely adjusted such that the reactive species is exclusively e or, alternatively, that it is a known alcohol radical. Secondly, the concentration of the reducing species (the number of reducing equivalents generated) is readily calculable. Thirdly, in time-resolved experiments, rate constants for the individual reaction steps can be determined by monitoring absorption and/or conductivity changes. These latter determinations permitted the assessment of agglomeration numbers [512,513]. 

C.X. Zhao, Y. Liu, D.Y. Wang, D.L. Wang, and Y.Z. Wang, Synergistic effect of ammonium polyphosphate and layered double hydroxide on flame retardant properties of poly(vinyl alcohol), Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2008, 93 1323-1331. 

F. G. Winder and H. G. Roche (1967). The accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate brought about by tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biochem. J., 103, 57-69. 

The three phenolic furoquinoline alkaloids robustine (18), haplopine (1 R = H, R2 = OH, R3 = OMe), and confusameline (1 R1 = R3 = H, R2 = OH), which were synthesized some time ago (see Vols. 3 and 5), have now been prepared by a modification of the Grundon-McCorkindale method, as illustrated for robustine (Scheme 3).22 Polyphosphate ester was found to be more effective than poly-phosphoric acid for cyclization of the alcohol (17) to the dihydrofuran (19). Dehydrogenation to a furoquinoline was accomplished by reaction of the benzyl ether of dihydrofuran (19) with DDQ. 

Insoluble Sodium Metaphosphate, 52 Insoluble Sodium Polyphosphate, 52 Isoamyl Alcohol, 78 Isoamyl Benzoate, 78 Isoamyl Butyrate, 78 Isoamyl Phenyl Acetate, 78 Isoamyl Salicylate, 78 Isobutyl Cinnamate, 78 Isobutyl Isovalerate, 84 Isobutyraldehyde, 78 DL-Isoleucine, 30 L-Isoleucine, 31 Isopropyl Acetate, 80... 

The stability of the caseinate particles in milk can be measured by a test such as the heat stability test, rennet coagulation test, or alcohol stability test. Addition of various phosphates—especially polyphosphates, which are effective calcium complexing agents—can increase the caseinate stability of milk. Addition of calcium ions has the opposite effect and decreases the stability of milk. Calcium is bound by polyphosphates in the form of a chelate, as shown in Figure 5-3. 

Trimethylsilyl iodide converts alcohols to iodides. The disadvantage of this method is the expensive reagent, which is avoided if trimethylsilyl chloride and sodium iodide are used instead (equation 27). Trimethylsilyl polyphosphate (PPSE), which is prepared from hexamethyldisiloxane and phosphorus pentoxide, also activates alcoholic hydroxy groups for substitutions with iodide anions (equation 28). ... 

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