Ratio preference

The preferred ratio of cuprous to cupric ion ranges from 5 1 to 10 1, depending on system conditions. Too high a concentration of cuprous ion causes the system to disproportionate and form metallic copper (eq. 26) ... 

For maximum reliability, a gear-unit ratio must be within the capability of a single-step application. Practically, ratios may approach 6 1, but the preferred ratios are in the 3 1 to 5 1 range. 

A similar process allows reacting triethyl phosphate and phosphorous pentoxide to form a polyphosphate in an organic solvent [871]. An excess of 1.3 moles of triethyl phosphate with respect to phosphorous pentoxide is the most preferred ratio. In the second stage, a mixture of higher aliphatic alcohols from hexanol to decanol is added in an amount of 3 moles per 1 mole phosphorous pentoxide. Aluminum sulfate is used as a crosslinker. Hexanol results in a high-temperature viscosity of the gel, while maintaining at a pumpable viscosity at ambient temperatures [870]. 

In the presence of ultraviolet light, a variety of alkanes have been subjected to the action of nitrogen oxide in the presence of chlorine. The preferred ratio of hydrocarbon molecular chlorine nitric oxide was 1 1.5 1. The products were gc/n-chloronitroso compounds. Thus, for example, cyclohexane was... 

The 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-l,4-dioxo-, sodium salt, trihydrate can be prepared by mixing the 2-methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone with the bisulphite salt in the presence of water. Ordinarily gentle warming of the aqueous mixture is preferred to facilitate solution. The mixture of 2-methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone (250 mg 1 molar equivalent) sodium bisulphite (149 mg 1 molar equivalent) distilled water (250 ml) or 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (250 mg 1 molar equivalent) potassium bisulphate (349 mg 2 molar equivalent) distilled water 250 ml may be used. These examples representing preferred ratios of ingredients are merely illustrative and are not to be interpreted as limiting. 

The polymerization of methyl methacrylate by Cr(acac)3 /AlEt3 is first order in chromium and monomer concentrations and was found to have an over-all activation energy of 15.9 kcal mole . The preferred ratio of catalyst components was Al/Cr = 12/1 [256]. 

Orientational selectivity depends on the size of the pseudostopper the smaller trimethyl ammonium group gives rise to a preference of 2 1 for the end group approaching the wide side a-CD [163], The preference ratio reaches 7 1 for the bigger... 

Capeless CG, Whitney G (1995) The genetic basis of preference for sweet substances among inbred strains of mice preference ratio phenotypes and the alleles of the Sac and dpa loci. Chem Senses 20 291-298... 

Can one predict the secondary structure of proteins by using this knowledge of the conformational preferences of amino acid residues Predictions of secondary structure adopted by a stretch of six or fewer residues have proved to be from about 60% to 70% accurate. What stands in the way of more accurate prediction Note that the conformational preferences of amino acid residues are not tipped all the way to one structure (see Table 2.3). For example, glutamate, one of the strongest helix formers, prefers a helix to p strand by only a factor of two. The preference ratios of most other residues are smaller. 

The preferred ratio of fresh solvent to feed in the extractive still has not been determined but should be a function of the specific countersolvent used in the initial extraction stage, the number of plates in the distillation section, and the amount of benzene tolerated in the overhead product. We have selected arbitrarily a feed-to-solvent ratio in the E. D. 

The synthesis of Ti-Si-TUD-1 is similar to the silica version, but a portion of the reactant is a titanium alkoxide, such as titanium (IV) n-butoxide. The Si02/Ti02 ratio can be lO-oo, but a preferred ratio is about 50. The surface area can range from 400-1000 mVg, and the pore volume is 0.4-2.0 cc/g - slightly lower than the silica version. One of the early head-to-head catalytic tests of TUD-1 versus MCM-41 was for epoxidation using the titanosilica versions. The genesis of this concept was the extrapolation of epoxidation via TS-1, the titanosilicate isostructure of ZSM-5. 

Figure 6.2 Pepsin (top) and protease type XIII (bottom) cleavage preferences for myoglobin, IPMS, RACE, and KIT proteins. The preference ratio Is the number of fragments with the specified C-terminal amino acid divided by the total number of that specific amino acid In the protein. Reproduced with permission from [31]. 2008, American Chemical Society...

Maximum methanol formation is achieved with a [Ru]/[Co] ratio of ca. 1.5. Although ruthenium melt catalysts alone are known (5) to generate ethanol maximum yields of ethanol are seen here at Ru/Co ratios of 1 2. Similar preferred ratios have recently been reported... 

MAUT measures complete preferences rmder rmcertainty. However, because preferences may not always be completely specified (internal uncertainty), methods have been developed to deal with value intervals, qualitative estimations and incom-pletes in judgements. Examples of such methods are PRIME (Preference Ratios In Multi-attribute Evaluation) (Sale Hamalainemi, 2001) and ER (Evidential Reasoning) approach (Yang Xu, 2002), among others. 

Salo, A.A Hamidainen, R. 2001. Preference Ratios in Multi-attribute Evaluation (PRIME) - Elicitation and decision procedures rmder incomplete information, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - PartA Systems and Humans, 31 533. 

If OPC+CAC mixes ate used as fast-setting cements, compositions in which Portland cement is the main constituent ate preferred. Ratios of 75-90% of Portland and 10-25% of calcium aluminate cement may be considered typical. 

The preferred ratio of alcohol (alcohol ethoxylate) to phosphoric anhydride (P40jq) is 5.0 6.2 [25], based on composition and cycle time considerations. In practice, the weight ratio of MAP to DAP ester can be manipulated between 65 35 and 35 65 by adjusting the alcohol or water proportions. This effect can be envisioned by substituting water for a portion of the ROH in the sequence. The product distribution also depends on when the water is added, with or after the alcohol [4,27]. The MAP content is increased by even traces of water in either the phosphoric anhydride or alcohol (alcohol ethoxylate). 

Increasing the amounts of acyl chloride relative to sucrose to molar ratios of over 3 1 did not improve the ester yield but rather initiated the hydrolysis of sucrose. Hydrolysis was not found to occur at lower levels of acyl chloride. A ratio of sucrose to alkyl chloride of 1 1.5 was found to be preferable. A similar reagent threshold amount was found in the etherification of sucrose with alkyl halides. The use of 1.3 moles of e.g. methyl iodide per mole of sucrose chelate seemed preferable. Ratios over 3 moles of alkyl halide caused sucrose hydrolysis, as was observed with earlier attempts at sucrose esterification ( ). ... 

Mixing of this first component with the dried precursor (1/1 by weight the preferred ratio) in an aqueous slurry, addition of phosphoric acid, boron and aluminum salts as promoters, followed by comminution in a balhnill and spray drying of the slurry... 

Obviously then, any situation where an alkyl phosphoric add ester-hydrocarbon mixture is liquid or even partially liquid will lead to some measure of selective migration into the powder and therefore antifoam deactivation. Such situations could occur during periods of storage of the powder at elevated temperatures or when the antifoam is sprayed directly onto hot powder immediately after production from a spray-drying tower, as described by Curtis et al. [35]. The antifoam exemplified in this patent consisted of a mixture of a commercial (Cig-Cig) alkyl phosphoric acid monoester and a petroleum jelly, which is a hydrocarbon gel at ambient temperatures with a carbon number >25. Mixing petroleum jelly with the phosphoric acid monoester in the preferred ratio of 1 3 by weight produces an effective antifoam precursor with a drop melting point of 58°C. Curtis et al. [35] describe both full-plant scale... 

Optimum conditions of periodic current reversal permit cathode current densities of up to 36 mAcm The preferred ratio of forward urrent time re-verse-current time is 20 or 30 to 1, with identical forward and reverse currents, for a cycle time of 0.5-3 min. 

Two-choice tests involve the presentation of two stimuli, either a treated and an untreated sample, or less commonly, two treated samples. Again, after a period of time, consumption (and/or spillage) is measured. When a series of treated samples are being compared in two-choice tests, completely counterbalanced or Latin-square designs are used. Counterbalancing is important because experience with successive stimuli influences the results. Preference relationships among stimuli in pairwise comparisons may be intransitive, i.e., stimulus a may be preferred to stimulus b, and stimulus b may be preferred to stimulus c, but it is not necessarily true that stimulus a is preferred to stimulus c. The results of two-choice tests often are expressed as preference ratios or difference scores. With the former, consumption of one food is divided by total consumption of both foods in a test session. A preference ratio of 0.5 represents indifference for the food in the numerator of the equation, while quotients of 1.0 and 0.0 represent absolute preference and complete rejection, respectively (Mason et al. 1989). With difference scores, mean consumption of one food is subtracted from mean consumption of the other. A score of 0 indicates indifference between foods, while scores larger than 0 reflect preference for the food in the numerator... 

A good place to start is 2 tablespoons ground coffee per 6 ounces water (1 cup on a typical coffeemaker). Experiment to find your preferred ratio. 

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