ALCOHOLS, HIGHER ALIPHATIC

Higher aliphatic alcohols (C —C g) are produced ia a number of important industrial processes using petroleum-based raw materials. These processes are summarized in Table 1, as are the principal synthetic products and most important feedstocks (qv). Worldwide capacity for all higher alcohols was approximately 5.3 million metric tons per annum in early 1990, 90% of which was petroleum-derived. Table 2 Hsts the major higher aliphatic alcohol producers in the world in early 1990. 

Table 1. Synthetic Industrial Processes for Higher Aliphatic Alcohols...

Table 2. Major Cg and Higher Aliphatic Alcohol Producers ...

Cobalt in Catalysis. Over 40% of the cobalt in nonmetaUic appHcations is used in catalysis. About 80% of those catalysts are employed in three areas (/) hydrotreating/desulfurization in combination with molybdenum for the oil and gas industry (see Sulfurremoval and recovery) (2) homogeneous catalysts used in the production of terphthaUc acid or dimethylterphthalate (see Phthalic acid and otherbenzene polycarboxylic acids) and (i) the high pressure oxo process for the production of aldehydes (qv) and alcohols (see Alcohols, higher aliphatic Alcohols, polyhydric). There are also several smaller scale uses of cobalt as oxidation and polymerization catalysts (44—46). 

The higher aliphatic alcohols, from octyl alcohol upwards, have-recently been introduced as perfume materials with considerable success. Only one or two of them, such as nonyl and undeeylenic alcohols, have so far been detected as natural constituents of essential oils, but other members of the series are prepared artificially, and are employed in minute quantities in the preparation of perfumes with characteristic, fruity bouquets. These alcohols are greatly diminished in perfume value by traces of impurities. According to H. J. Prins, the first interesting member of the series is octyl alcohol it has a very sweet, rose-like odour, and is especially suitable for giving a rose perfume that pecnliar sweet smell which distinguishes a rose from a rose perfume. This feature of the aliphatic alcohols diminishes in the series from Cg to Cjg. 

It is strange that only the normal alcohols amongst the higher aliphatic alcohols are of any value as perfumes, the iso-alcohols being useless. 

A similar process allows reacting triethyl phosphate and phosphorous pentoxide to form a polyphosphate in an organic solvent [871]. An excess of 1.3 moles of triethyl phosphate with respect to phosphorous pentoxide is the most preferred ratio. In the second stage, a mixture of higher aliphatic alcohols from hexanol to decanol is added in an amount of 3 moles per 1 mole phosphorous pentoxide. Aluminum sulfate is used as a crosslinker. Hexanol results in a high-temperature viscosity of the gel, while maintaining at a pumpable viscosity at ambient temperatures [870]. 

Alcohols. Higher aliphatic alcohols with polyethyleneoxide and poly-propyleneoxide are particularly effective at reducing the gas content of drilling solutions [1442]. 

Alcohol(s), 10 488. See also C12 alcohol Detergent range alcohols Ethanol Fuel alcohol Higher aliphatic alcohols Plasticizer range alcohols Polyhydric alcohols... 

See also Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides production of, 17 726 Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, 15 490 Alkoxidation, higher aliphatic alcohols, 2 5 Alkoxide catalysts, 10 683 Alkoxide-derived silica gels, structure of, 23 73... 

Butyl diphenyl phosphate, 11 494 Butyl elastomers, 4 409 Butylene(s), 4 402-433 10 486 alkylation, 2 175-176 analysis, 4 421-422 chemical reactions, 4 404-410 economic aspects, 4 421 equilibrium distribution of ideal gas at selected temperatures, 4 409t feedstock for higher aliphatic alcohols, 2 211... 

Halogens, See also Bromine (Br) Chlorine (Cl) Fluorine (F) Iodine (I) higher aliphatic alcohols, 2 5 in N-halamines, 13 98 reactions with acetaldehyde, 1 105 reactions with acetone, 1 163 reactions with acetylene, 1 180 reactions with alkanolamines from olefin oxides and ammonia, 2 125—126 reactions with aluminum, 2 284—285, 349-359... 

High-energy irradiation, silicone network preparation via, 22 567 High energy ruminant feeds, 10 864-865 High enriched uranium (HEU), 17 526 Higher aliphatic alcohols aldol process, 2 41-43 analysis, 2 9-10, lOt chemical reactions, 2 4-6 economic aspects, 2 7-9 health and safety factor, 2 6 manufacture from fats and oils, 2 12-19 oxo process (odd-numbered alcohols), 2 1, 10, 36-41... 

Polygalacturonase, retting with, 11 610 Polygas olefins, feedstocks for higher aliphatic alcohols, 2 29t, 40 Polyglyceryl-8 oleate, cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t... 

Sulfate-resisting cement, 5 498 Sulfate surfactants, 24 145 Sulfate titanium dioxide production process, 29 388-391 Sulfathiazole, 28 684 Sulfation, 23 513, 514, 536-538 higher aliphatic alcohols, 2 4 in higher olefins, 27 713 Sulfation operations, industrial changes affecting, 23 515-516 Sulfation processes, general overviews of, 23 555... 

A mixture of nonionic surfactants, consisting of a capped alkylphenol ethoxylate or an ethoxylated higher aliphatic alcohol... 

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