Alcohol stability

Kim N, Sudol ED, Friedel P, El-Aasser MS (2003) Poly (vinyl alcohol) stabilization of acrylic emulsion polymers using the miniemulsion approach. Macromolecules 36 5573-5579... 

Adoption in 1906 by the French Navy of propint with 8% amyl alcohol stabilizer did not prevent the disastrous expin in 1907 of battleship Iena. As a result of this, previously tested DPhA (diphenylamine) was approved as stabilizer of Naval cannon proplnt, which became known as poudre B(Bo) (Ref 44, p 249) (See also Vol 1 of Encycl, p A395-L)... 

Caramel is unintentionally generated in burnt carbohydrate foods (rice, oatmeal, cornmeal, etc.) and molasses (Kowkabany et al., 1953) it is the source of maple flavor and color in the concentration of maple sap to maple syrup (Stinson and Willits, 1965). In industrial manufacturing, the intended application is taken into account, because reaction conditions help determine the properties of the pyrolysate, e.g., its tinctorial value, water solubility, and alcohol stability. Tinctorial value refers to the absorbance at 560 nm of a 0.1-wt/vol% solution in a 1-cm cell. Tinctorial strength increases with acidity, temperature, and duration of heating. Caramel manufactured above pH 6.3 is biologically unstable and much below pH 3.1, it is a resin. 

The alcohol serves as a preservative before and after the distillation. Glycolonitrile obtained without the use of alcohol usually cannot be kept more than a few days it sometimes turns brown within 24 hours. Some samples of alcohol-stabilized glycolonitrile have been preserved in sealed bottles for two years, whereas other samples polymerized in a few months. 

The stability of the caseinate particles in milk can be measured by a test such as the heat stability test, rennet coagulation test, or alcohol stability test. Addition of various phosphates—especially polyphosphates, which are effective calcium complexing agents—can increase the caseinate stability of milk. Addition of calcium ions has the opposite effect and decreases the stability of milk. Calcium is bound by polyphosphates in the form of a chelate, as shown in Figure 5-3. 

Arguably the best, or at least the most versatile, allylic oxidation method is based on Pd [114]. Since the intermediates are palladium-allyl complexes rather than free radicals the number of by-products is limited compared to the preceding examples (Fig. 4.41). Furthermore, a large number of nucleophiles (amines, alcohols, stabilized carbanions, carboxylates or halides) may attack the palladium-allyl complex, giving a wide variety of products. 

Carlson and Nagarajan have reported that the addition of alcohol improved the back extraction efficiency [10]. It is well known that alcohol is a representative cosurfactant so far. A long-chain alcohol stabilizes the reverse micelles, while a short-chain alcohol sometimes inhibits the formation of reverse micelles. In haemoglobin back extraction, the addition of isopropyl alcohol or ethanol is significant in facilitating haemoglobin release from DOLPA reverse micelles (Figure 14.6) [6]. 

In this article we evaluate interactions in a system stabilized with an ionic surfactant and with a carboxylic acid as the cosurfactant. Such a system is distinguished from the common soap/alcohol stabilizer combinations by the fact that the soap/acid system does not require a minimum water concentration to dissolve the soap. 

Alcohol stability High High Poor Moderate... 

Figure 2 Alcohol distribution and stability curves (a) observed alcohols stabilities (arbitrary units) (b) observed alcohol distribution (c) suggested form of curve for initial distribution of alcohols, A) observed hydrocarbon distribution (literature data) (data from ref 44)...

Fig. 9.6. The variation of the UCFT with molecular weight of the poly(vinyl alcohol) stabilizer for polystyrene latex particles in 1 M KCl. The dashed line indicates the claimed 0-temperature (after Tadros, 1982).

The elastic repulsion hypothesis has arisen from the studies using partially hydrolysed poly(vinyl alcohol) as stabilizer. In this instance, no interactional groups are apparently necessary on the surface of the colloidal particles, presumably because the blocks of poly(vinyl acetate) segments, which are nominally insoluble in water, anchor the poly(vinyl alcohol) stabilizing moieties to the surface. Of course, poly(vinyl alcohol) is a decidedly atypical... 

For use with high-speed applicators, high shear cone and plate viscometer results may be quoted as secondary information. Many poly(vinyl alcohol)-stabilized products are comparatively insensitive to shear and give broadly similar results with different types of viscometer. This behavior under shear is known as Newtonian and is a feature, inter alia, of large particles with a narrow particle size distribution. High shear viscosity testing also indicates if there is sufficient mechanical stability to allow application by knife or roller, although this is not usually a problem with colloid-stabilized emulsion polymers and adhesives. 

Chem. Descrip. EVA copolymer emulsion, polyvinyl alcohol stabilized, non-crosslinking CAS24937-7 fl... 

Chem. Descrip. Ethylene/vinyl laurate/vinyl chloride terpolymer with polyvinyl alcohol stabilizer and mineral filler antiblocking agent Uses Binder, water repellent in conjunction with inorg. binders in plasters. Joint mortars, troweling compds., tile and construction adhesives, adhesives for external insulation and finishing systems sole binder in plasters, paints, adhesives modifier, adhesion promoter, plasticizer, impact resist, aid for gypsum and anhydrite Features Imparts hydrophobic props. enhances adhesion, flex, str., plasticity, abrasion resist., and workability contains no soivs., plasticizers, of film-forming aids... 

Gilmore C.M, Poehlin G.W, Schork F.J (1993) Modeling poly(vinyl alcohol)-stabilized vinyl acetate emulsion pol5rmerization. I. Theory. J. Appl. Pol3rm. Sci.48 1449,1461. 

Steric Stabilization (Polymer-, Ionic Liquid-, and Alcohol-Stabilized Ruthenium Nanoparticles)... 

Emulsion of antifoam in ethoxylated alcohol stabilized by a siloxane-alkoxyalkylene directly sprayed onto detergent powder... 

Fig. 17.2 Transmission electron micrograph of polypyrrole particles of (a) 100 nm diameter, (b) 200 nm diameter, and (c) 300 nm diameter synthesized in aqueous media using a poly(vinyl alcohol) stabilizer, a poly(2-vinyl pyridine-co-Ai-butyl methacrylate) stabilizer, and a poly(ethylene oxide) stabilizer, respectively. Note the uniform spherical morphology. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 28.1...

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