Inorganic polyphosphates

Synthetic organic chelates and natural organic complexes are sometimes more effective agronomically per unit of micronuttient than inorganic forms, but the organic materials are more expensive. The chelates can be used with both orthophosphate and polyphosphate Hquids and suspensions. 

Therefore in many countries the use of surfactants derived from phosphonic acid are limited by law, especially for surfactants of mass products like household detergents that will flow into wastewater effluents. The difficulty in formulating detergents without inorganic polyphosphates is discussed in Ref. 206. 

Another important class of inorganic PO compounds are the condensed or polyphosphates. In these compounds, two or more phosphate groups bond together via P-O-P bonds to form chains or in some cases cyclic compounds. Although polyphosphates generally account for only a small portion of the total P present in... 

The presence of inorganic polyphosphate in electron-dense particulate structures of M. luteus has been demonstrated by n.m.r., confirming an earlier observation based on chemical techniques. ... 

Chavez EP, H Liinsdorf, CA Jerez (2004) Growth of polychlorinated-biphenyl-degrading bacteria in the presence of biphenyl and chlorobiphenyls generates oxidative stress and massive accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 3064-3072. 

Inorganic polyelectrolytes exist, too polyphosphates, -0-P(=0)(-0H)-, are the most common (soluble) ones. 

Increasing both dietary Ca and P causes a decrease in PTH-mediated bone resorption polyphosphates and phosphorus in food cause greater reductions than does inorganic orthophosphate, as these sources are slowly released in digestion. 

In order to be able to inhibit the soil once removed from readsorbing into the clean fiber, polyphosphates or similar suitable inorganic salts should be used. These salts also increase the pH (around 10) of the washing water. In some cases, suitable polymeric antiredeposition substances (such as car-boxymethyl cellulose) are preferred. 

Inorganic salts (polyphosphate, silicates) Optical brighteners... 

Previous methods for the preparation of salts of geranyl diphosphate and other allylic isoprenoid diphosphates are based on condensation between the alcohol and inorganic phosphate by trichloroacetonitrile as originally reported by Cramer and modified by Popjak The reaction generates a complex mixture of organic and inorganic polyphosphates which must be separated by chromatography. The desired diphosphate ester has been prepared on small... 

The corrosion process can be inhibited by the addition of phosphate or polyphosphate ions [344], inorganic inhibitors as, for example, chromate ions [336], adsorbed alcohols [345], adsorbed amines, competing with anions for adsorption sites [339,] as well as saturated linear aliphatic mono-carboxylate anions, CH3(CH2)n-2COO , n = 7 — 11, [24]. In the latter case, the formation of the passive layer requires Pb oxidation to Pb + by dissolved oxygen and then precipitation of hardly soluble lead carboxylate on the metal surface. The corrosion protection can also be related to the hydrophobic character of carboxylate anions, which reduce the wetting of the metal surface. 

After a carboxylate, the next most significant biological ligand for Mg + is a phosphate. Phosphates, in addition to being present as inorganic phosphate (Pi), also happily polymerize to form not only diphosphates (for example, PPi and ADP) but also triphosphates (nucleoside triphosphates such as ATP). Many of these polyphosphates have fundamental biochemical importance as evidenced by the ATP ADP - - Pi reaction. 

Even before the above facts and structural considerations were generally appreciated by chemists, some of the polyphosphates, such as Graham s salt and the triphosphate, for example, had acquired major technical importance 90, 91,127,129, 249). About thirty years ago the study of condensed phosphates was taken up from many sides in attempts to determine their structures and, from their structures, to understand their properties. Preparative methods, physico-chemical investigations and theoretical considerations were all brought into play in order to develop this branch of inorganic chemistry to a point where, today, the perspective is clear and we can regard it as well-investigated. 

Shiba, T. Tsutsumi, K. Ishige, K. Noguchi, T. Inorganic polyphosphate and polyphosphate kinase their novel biological functions and applications. Biochemistry, 65, 315-323 (2000)... 

Inorganic Polyphosphate Is a Potential Phosphoryl Group Donor... 

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a linear polymer composed of many tens or hundreds of Pi residues linked through phosphoanhydride bonds. This polymer, present in all organisms, may accumulate to high levels in some cells. In yeast, for example, the amount of polyP that accumulates in the vacuoles would represent, if distributed uniformly throughout the cell, a concentration of 200 him (Compare this with the concentrations of other phosphoryl donors listed in Table 13-5.)... 

Inorganic polyphosphate, present in all cells, may serve as a reservoir of phosphoryl groups with high group transfer potential. 

Kornberg, A. (1999) Inorganic polyphosphate a molecule of many functions. Annu. Bev. Biochem. 68, 89-125. 

---