Phosphates inorganic

Dancker and Hess, 1990] Dancker, P., and Hess, L. Phalloidin reduces the release of inorganic phosphate during actin polymerization. Biochira. Biophys. Acta. 1035 (1990) 197-200... 

HP04 is often referred to as inorganic phosphate and abbreviated P... 

CycHc adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), produced from ATP, is involved in a large number of ceUular reactions including glycogenolysis, Hpolysis, active transport of amino acids, and synthesis of protein (40). Inorganic phosphate ions are involved in controlling the pH of blood (41). The principal anion of interceUular fluid is HP (Pig. 3) (41). 

Fig. 4. Requirements, substrates, and products of Mo-nitrogenase catalysis, where I is the MoFe protein II the Fe protein and Pi is inorganic phosphate. The generating system is composed of creatine phosphate and creatine phosphokinase to recycle the inhibitory MgADP produced during catalysis to...

Inorganic phosphates present htde ha2ard to humans and are mineral nutrients essential to life processes. Attention must be given to the acidity of phosphoric acid, the alkalinity of the bases with which it reacts and the heat released upon neutralization. Appropriate protective gear should be worn when in close contact. Some phosphate salts are reasonably acidic or basic. 

T. Kanazawa, ed.. Inorganic Phosphate Materials, Kodansha, Tokyo, Japan, 1989. 

The modes of action for niclosamide are interference with respiration and blockade of glucose uptake. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in both mammalian and taenioid mitochondria (22,23), inhibiting the anaerobic incorporation of inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Tapeworms are very sensitive to niclosamide because they depend on the anaerobic metaboHsm of carbohydrates as their major source of energy. Niclosamide has selective toxicity for the parasites as compared with the host because Httle niclosamide is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Adverse effects are uncommon, except for occasional gastrointestinal upset. 

PhPO(OH)2]. Dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol, filtering off an insoluble residue of inorganic phosphate, then ppted by adding an equal volume of diethyl ether. Washed with diethyl ether and dried [Tsuboi Biochim Biophys Acta 8 173 7952]. 

This reaction is strongly exergonic and AG° at 37°C is —42.8 kj/mol. Physiological concentrations of phosphocreatine, creatine, and inorganic phosphate are normally between 1 mMand 10 mM. Assuming 1 mMconcentrations and using Equation (3.12), the AG for the hydrolysis of phosphocreatine is... 

For the phosphoric anhydrides, and for most of the high-energy compounds discussed here, there is an additional entropic contribution to the free energy of hydrolysis. Most of the hydrolysis reactions of Table 3.3 result in an increase in the number of molecules in solution. As shown in Figure 3.11, the hydrolysis of ATP (as pH values above 7) creates three species—ADP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and a hydrogen ion—from only two reactants (ATP and HgO). The entropy of the solution increases because the more particles, the more disordered the system. (This effect is ionization-dependent because, at low pH, the... 

The concepts of destabilization of reactants and stabilization of products described for pyrophosphate also apply for ATP and other phosphoric anhydrides (Figure 3.11). ATP and ADP are destabilized relative to the hydrolysis products by electrostatic repulsion, competing resonance, and entropy. AMP, on the other hand, is a phosphate ester (not an anhydride) possessing only a single phosphoryl group and is not markedly different from the product inorganic phosphate in terms of electrostatic repulsion and resonance stabilization. Thus, the AG° for hydrolysis of AMP is much smaller than the corresponding values for ATP and ADP. 

Interestingly, in the absence of sucrose and fructose, sucrose phosphory-lase will catalyze the exchange of inorganic phosphate, P , into glucose-l-phos-phate. This reaction can be followed by using as a radioactive tracer and observing the appearance of P into glucose-l-phosphate ... 

If P-labeled inorganic phosphate were introduced to erythrocytes undergoing glycolysis, would you expect to detect P in glycolytic intermediates If so, describe the relevant reactions and the P incorporation yon would observe. 

A. F. Childs, Phosphorus, phosphoric acid and inorganic phosphates, in The Modem Inorganic Chemicals Industry, (R. Thompson, ed.), pp. 375-401, The Chemical Society, London, 1977. 

A solution of bis-triethylamine phosphate was prepared by slowly adding 2.36 ml of B5% phosphoric acid to 20 ml of acetonitrile containing 9.9 ml of triethylamine at 20°C. This solution was added to a stirred solution of 4.70 g of 9a-fluoro-11(3,170,21 -trihydroxy-160-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione 21 -methanesulfonate and 20 ml of acetonitrile. The mixture was heated under reflux for four hours and then evaporated under reduced pressure to a volume of 12 ml. This mixture was a concentrated solution of 9a-fluoro-11(3,170,21 -tri-hydroxy-160-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione 21 -phosphate triethylamine salt with some inorganic phosphate. 

The eluate was titrated to pH 7 with 0572N NaOH (63 ml). Removal of solvent left a gum, which was boiled with methanol (400 ml) for 20 minutes. The solid insoluble inorganic phosphate was filtered off and washed with methanol (200 ml). The slightly cloudy filtrate was filtered again, and evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residual gum dissolved readily in water (40 ml) and on addition of acetone (600 ml) to the solution a mixture of sodium salts of hydrocortisone 21 -phosphate separated as a white solid. This was collected after 2 days, washed with acetone and dried at 100°C/0.1 mm/2 hrto constant weight. Yield4.45g. 

Ill these simultaneous reactions, die energy released when the complex molecule AB is broken down is immediately used to build a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (P,). ATP is a high energy compound. It is called the energy currency of the body because once it is formed, it provides energy that the body can spend later to drive vital reactions in cells (Figure 1). 

Workup (b) To the mixture arc added 5.6 g (22 mmol) of barium acetate. After chilling for 1 h, the precipitated inorganic phosphate is removed by centrifugation. The supernatant is adjusted to pH 7.5 and diluted with ethanol (1 L). After standing at O C overnight, the precipitated barium salt of the product is collected by centrifugation, washed with ethanol and diethyl ether, then dried under high vacuum yield 7.3 g (92%). 

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