Polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol

Table 4.8 gives the group numbers. However, Equation (4.52) is not self-consistent and does not predict the HLB of nonionic surfactants containing polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol. 

The polyoxyethylene group is obtained by addition of ethylene oxide to fatty alcohols, mostly with an alkalic catalyst such as NaOH or NaOCH3, giving a broad polyoxyethylene oxide distribution. For special applications the ethoxyl-ation can be catalyzed by Lewis acids [11] to achieve a narrow range distribution. Other narrow range catalysts can also be used to improve certain properties. 

There is even a method for preparing carboxymethylated surfactants with a narrow polyoxyethylene chain distribution by using as catalyst metallic Na or NaH in a molar ratio of about 1 1 to the fatty alcohol [12,13]. 

There is no molecular interaction between nonionic surfactants with an ethylene-oxide chain, i.e. Genapol and ethoxylated nonylphenols. Indeed, research by Nishikido (6) on polyoxyethylene laurylethers (5 < E.O. number < 49) has shown the ideal behavior (p12 = 0) of their mixtures. Likewise, Xia (7) has found very low p12 values for mixtures of ethoxylated fatty alcohols. 

C Fatty alcohol-Polyglycolether C1 Polyoxyethylene laurylether, BRIJ 35... 

Examples of nonionic emulsifiers are polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, fatty alcohol ether, polyethylene (or polypropylene), glycol fatty acid esters, lecithin, lanolin, cholesterol, etc... 

Vineland, NJ) or over-the-counter cosmetic creams promoted for improved hydration (L Oreal, Paris and Dior, Paris). More recently, parenteral liposome formulations of amphotericin B, doxorubicin, and dau-norubicin have been approved and marketed (ABELCET, Elan, the Liposome Co., Inc, Princeton, NJ AmBisome and DaunoXome, Nexstar/Fujisawa, Deerfield Park, IL Amphotec and Doxil, Sequus/ Alza, Menlo Park, CA), with others on the horizon for applications in photodynamic therapy. Although the vast majority of liposome preparations are constructed from phospholipids, other nonphospholipid materials can be used either alone or in mixtures to form bilayer arrays. One such example is Amphotec, which utilizes sodium cholesteryl sulfate as the primary lipid. Other liposome forming materials may include but are not limited to fatty-acid compositions, ionized fatty acids, or fatty acyl amino acids, longchain fatty alcohols plus surfactants, ionized lysophospholipids or combinations, non-ionic or ionic surfactants and amphiphiles, alkyl maltosides, a-tocopherol esters, cholesterol esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, sorbitan alkyl esters, and polymerized phospholipid compositions. ° ... 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are nonionic surfactants produced by the polyethoxylation of linear fatty alcohols. Products tend to be mixtures of polymers of slightly varying molecular weights and the numbers used to describe polymer lengths are average values. 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are prepared by the condensation of linear fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide. The reaction is controlled so that the required ether is formed with the polyethylene glycol of the desired molecular weight. 

Polyoxyethylenated (POE) Fatty Alcohol Carboxylates (Alkyl Ether Carbox-ylates), R0(CH2CH20)xCH2C00M (x = 4, usually) Products of the reaction of the terminal OH group of an alcohol ethoxylate (AE) with sodium monochlor-oacetate. Less basic than soaps of comparable chain length, ascribed to the ether oxygen atom adjacent to the carboxylate group in the molecule. 

Tergitol 0 charged Polyoxyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ethers, R(OCH2CH2) OH, where R is... 

Nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylated fatty alcohols (such as Emul-phor ON-870 from GAP), alkyl phenyl polyethylene glycol ethers (such as the Tergitols from Union Carbide) and polyoxyethylated octylphenol may be used as protective colloids along with anionic surfactants or, in some cases, as emulsifiers in their own right. The block copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene (Pluronics) solubilized vinyl acetate. Polymerization takes place at the interface of the surfactant-monomer droplet and the aqueous phase [151]. 

Alcohol ethoxylates (C6-C18) Ethoxylates Synonyms ethoxylated alcohol, fatty alcohol ethoxy-late, alcohol ethoxylate, polyoxyethylene alcohol ether, polyethylene glycol alcohol ether. Surfactant alcohol ethoxylates and their derivatives are used by the detergent manufacturing industry as active ingredients in industrial and consumer products such as soaps, detergents, and other cleaning products. 

Dimethicone copolyols exhibit an inverse cloud point phenomenon as an aqueous solution is heated. This same phenomenon is observed with ethoxylated fatty alcohol. The hydrogen bonding of the water with the polyoxyethylene portion of the molecule causes the cloud point. The inverse cloud point of the molecule is related to the length of the ethylene oxide chain and not the number of D units or molecular weight. The term inverse cloud point refers to the temperature at which a clear solution develops turbidity on heating. Cloud point is a phenomenon, relating to tnrbidity, which develops on cooling. 

Among commercial nonionic surfactants, those made from fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide are the most commonly used. Ethoxylation offers the production of a wide range of nonionic surfactants as the hydrophobic part, and the ethylene oxide number can be easily adjusted according to the desired properties. The chemical reaction to convert a fatty alcohol into a nonionic ethoxylated surfactant uses ethylene oxide under pressure (typically 2-8 bars) and heat (typically 120-200°C). Actually, fatty alcohols have a hydroxyl group that can react further with ethylene oxide providing polyoxyethylene compounds with a range of molecular weights. 

Eucarol AGE/EC, ET and SS ionic surfactants have been developed recently by Cesalpinia Chemicals for different applications, for example, cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. These surfactants are anionic ester derivatives of alkylpolyglucosides they do not contain a polyoxyethylene chain, the hydrophilic moiety includes glucose units instead of ethylene oxide, and during their production no ethoxylation is carried out. They do not have an irritating effect as they are free from contaminating components such as dioxane consequently no irritating effect is expected. After the glucosidation of fatty alcohol, esterification proceeds in order to obtain anionic derivatives. On the basis of the favourable properties listed, they can be used for medicinal purposes. 

A surfactant is a material that has fixed hydrophilic and lipophilic groups and can arrange directionally and absorb on the surface of a solution and reduce the surface tension of the solution significantly. Surfactants can be divided into anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric ions. The most common anionic surfactants are senior fatty acids and their salts, and the most common cationic surfactants are senior amines and their salt. The nonionic surfactants are silicone oil, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty acid polyoxyethylene ether, and so forth. 

Polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene copolymers with high PO content have been used for years in the automatic dishwashing process but, because of the 1989 European Community legislation, they have been progressively replaced by their derivatives based on fatty alcohols or their corresponding ethers terminated by an alkyl group [26]. 

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