Chemical Atlas

Worth AP, Balls M (eds) (2002) Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemicals testing current status and future prospects. A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM working group on chemicals. ATLA 30(Suppl 1), pp 125... 

H.-G. Holzhiitter. A general measure of in vitro phototoxicity derived from pairs of dose-response curves and its use for predicting the in vivo phototoxicity of chemicals. ATLA 25 445-462 (1997). 

Polyvinyl Chemicals Atlas Minerals Chemicals James Ferguson Sons... 

Figure 256, from the Youmans 1857 edition of the Chemical Atlas depicts the atmospheric part of the carbon cycle involving plants and animals. On the right we see animals that inhale (arrows down) oxygen (note it is written as monoatomic rather than O2) with the food that nourishes them to produce carbon dioxide and water. In the Youmans text, confusion reigning for 50 years persists in the formula for water (HO) and atomic weights for oxygen (8),... 

FIGURE 256. This beautiful hand-colored figure (see color plates) is from the 1857 edition of Edward Youmans Chemical Atlas (New York, first published in 1854). 

Figure 258 is from Edmund Youmans Chemical Atlas (New York, 1854 1857 printing). It exemplifies the continuing confusion over the atomic weights... 

FIGURE 258. Plate from Youmans Chemical Atlas (Figure 256) See color plates. The organization of the Primeval Forest of organic chemistry by Laurent and Gerhardt included the concept homology The units of homology are CH rather than as... 

Figure 259 is from Edward L. Youmans Chemical Atlas and depicts concepts of isomerism from the mid-nineteenth century. The field of organic chemistry is vast. As of the year 2006, there are over 20 million known organic compounds, not counting biological sequences. This enormous diversity is due, in large part, to the occurrence of isomers—molecules with the same formula but different arrangements of atoms. 

Figure 260 is from Youmans Chemical Atlas. The year of this printing, 1857 (first printing 1854), occurs near the end of this chaotic period. The figure illustrates the prevailing confusion in theories as well as atomic weights. " ... 

FIGURE 260. Plate from Youmans Chemical Atlas (original in color) depicting the three prevailing theories of organic chemistry structure in reactivity prior to Karlsruhe. 

FIGURE 288. An ebullient flame from the 1857 edition of Youmans Chemical Atlas (see Figure 256 the errors in formulas such as HO for water are discussed in the text). See color plates. 

CaUej a, M. C., Persoone, G., Gelandi P. 1993. The predictive potential of a batter of exotoxilogical tests for human acute toxicity, as evaluated with the first 50 MEIC chemicals. ATLA 21 330-349. 

Visit gopher //atlas.chem.Utah.edu/ll/MSDS. This site is run by the University of Utah. To search, you choose the alphabetical folder that contains the chemical of interest. You will be presented with a list of chemicals to select from. 

Figure 11 -59. Representative expander refrigeration systems for temperature requirements and/or power recovery. (A) Expander coupled to a generator recovers pressure-loss energy for conversion to electric power. (B) System for power recovery from reactors in chemical processing plants. (C) Typical waste-heat recovery system using expansion turbines to generate electrical power. (Used by permission Bui. 2781005601. Atlas Copco Comptec, Inc.)...

Ground Chemical Munitions , TM 3-300 (1956) 6) Atlas Match M-100 etc, Data Sheets,... 

The Aldrich Library of Infrared Spectra , 3rd ed., Aldrich chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI, 1981, by Pouchert contains more than 12,000 IR spectra so arranged that the user can readily see the change that takes place in a given spectrum when a slight change is made in the structure of a molecule. The same company also publishes the Aldrich Library of FT-IR Spectra and the Aldrich Library of NMR Spectra , both also by Pouchert. A similar volume, which has ir and Raman spectra of about 1000 compounds, is Raman/Infrared Atlas of Organic Compounds , 2nd ed., VCH, New York, 1989, by Schrader. 

AntonellaTosti Pearl E.Grimes Maria Pia De Padova (Eds.) Color Atlas of Chemical Peels... 

This Atlas is an easy-to-understand book that gives the reader fact-based information about when and how to perform chemical peels. 

Balls, M. and Worth, A.P (Eds.) (2002). Alternative Methods for Chemicals Testing Current Status and Future Prospects. ATLA 30, Supplement 1, 71-80. 

Parke DV, loannides C, Lewis DFV. The safety evaluation of drugs and chemicals by the use of computer-optimised molecular parametric analysis of chemical toxicity (COMPACT). ATLA 1990 18 91-102. 

Brown SJ, Raja AA, Lewis DFV. A comparison between COMPACT and Hazardexpert evaluations for 80 chemicals tested by the NTP/NCI rodent bioassay. ATLA 1994 22 482-500. 

Figure 48-12. Schematic illustration of some aspects of the role of the osteoclast in bone resorption. Lysosomal enzymes and hydrogen ions are released into the confined microenvironment created by the attachment between bone matrix and the peripheral clear zone of the osteoclast. The acidification of this confined space facilitates the dissolution of calcium phosphate from bone and is the optimal pH for the activity of lysosomal hydrolases. Bone matrix is thus removed, and the products of bone resorption are taken up into the cytoplasm of the osteoclast, probably digested further, and transferred into capillaries. The chemical equation shown in the figure refers to the action of carbonic anhydrase II, described in the text. (Reproduced, with permission, from Jun-queira LC, Carneiro J BasicHistology. Text Atlas, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2003.)...

The change in a state function can be determined without knowing the details of a process, because that change is independent of path. Denver is 950 miles from San Francisco, no matter how the Daltons travel between the two cities. This means that state function values can be tabulated and looked up when needed. The distance from San Francisco to Denver can be found in an atlas of the United States. Energy is a state function, and changes in energy that accompany standard chemical reactions are tabulated in reference books such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 

These two features of state functions are more important for scientists than for cross-counhy travelers like the Daltons. Chemists determine values of state function changes by doing careful experiments using convenient paths. These values are collected in tables, just as distances between cities are collected in an atlas. Energy is one such state function, and chemists use tabulated energy values to analyze chemical processes from a thermodynamic point of view. 

Figure 7.5 Variation of equilibrium oxygen partial pressure (a) equilibrium between a metal, Ag, and its oxide, Ag20, generates a fixed partial pressure of oxygen irrespective of the amount of each compound present at a constant temperature (b) the partial pressure increases with temperature (c) a series of oxides will give a succession of constant partial pressures at a fixed temperature and (d) the Mn-O system. [Data from T. B. Reed, Free Energy of Formation of Binary Compounds An Atlas of Charts for High-Temperature Chemical Calculations, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.]...

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