Polyneuritis

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Eye protection Symptoms Following Exposure Vapors from very hot material may irritate eyes and produce headache, drowsiness, and convulsions General Treatment for Exposure Remove fresh air. Wash affected skin areas with water. Flush eyes with water Toxicity by Inhalation (ThresholdLimit Value) 5 mg/m Short-Term Exposure limits Not pertinent Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 1 LDjq 5 to 15 g/kg Late Toxicity Birth defects in rats polyneuritis in humans Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Not pertinent liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics No appreciable hazard. Practically harmless to the skin Odor Threshold Data not available. 

Buxton PH, Hayward M. 1967. Polyneuritis cranials associated with industrial trichloroethylene poisoning. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 30 511-518. 

A study of 484 tuberculosis patients on isoniazid showed that the development of peripheral neuropathy in a subgroup of patients was due to inherited differences in the acetylation of this medication [4], Individuals could be divided into rapid or slow acetylators of isoniazid. Family studies showed that rapid or slow acetylation status was inherited, with rapid acetylation being dominant and slow acetylation recessive. Polyneuritis was found to occur in 4 out of 5 slow acetylators, while only 2 out of 10 rapid acetylators developed polyneuritis. The rapid acetylators also tolerated longer courses of the drug [4],... 

Pigeon (adult) Manure-fertilised millet supplement versus chemically fertilised millet supplement Less weight loss (22.4% versus 37.4%) over the study period for birds fed manure-fertilised millet. Longer survival (50 versus 33 days) in birds with polyneuritis fed the manure-fertilised millet (McCarrrison, 1926)... 

Chemical, biological, and pharmacological properties of lipoic acid as well as its therapeutic effects in several diseases (diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, polyneuritis, etc.) are reviewed [198,199], It is evident from the chemical structures of LA and DHLA that only DHLA may be an efficient scavenger of all oxygen radicals, while LA should be active only in the reactions with highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. On the other hand, DHLA must be easily... 

Casimir Funk had come from Poland to the Lister Institute in London, England to investigate the chemical nature of the substance in rice-polishings (rice bran) that cured or prevented polyneuritis in birds, a disease closely related to beri-beri in humans. His research in this subject coupled with his awareness of what were becoming known as diet-related diseases, the deficiency diseases, led to his review article of 1912 in which he coined the term, vitamine. Vitamine, to Funk, was actually a variety of chemical substances, organic amines, that acted selective-... 

Autoimmunity or chronic inflammation are now considered to be the basis of a large number of diseases including multiple sclerosis, polyneuritis, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. There is strong evidence that supplementation of the diet of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis with fish oil is beneficial. Studies on other conditions are in progress (see Calder, 2006). 

Polyneuritis is a disorder of the peripheral nerves. It involves damage to the myelin sheath. The condition is due to inflammation of the axonal membrane caused by viral or bacterial attack, i.e. an antoimmnne disease. Guillain-Barre syndrome is one form of polynenritis and is an example of an autoimmune disease caused by immune mimicry in response to a bacterial or viral antigen. It is discnssed in Chapter 17. 

Henschler D, Broser F, Hopf HC Polyneuritis cranialis following poisoning with chlorinated acetylenes while handling vinylidene chloride copolymers. (Ger.) Arch Toxicol 26 62-75, 1970... 

Chronic exposure is associated with an increased prevalence of conjunctivitis, chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, polyneuritis, and dermatitis. Chloracne has been reported and is probably the result of dioxin contaminants in commercial-grade pentachlorophenol. On the skin, solutions of pentachlorophenol as dilute as 1 % may cause irritation if contact is repeated or prolonged. 

Hunter D, Perry KMA, Evans RB Toxic polyneuritis arising during the manufacture of tricresyl phosphate. Br J Ind Med 1 227-231, 1944... 

Vora DD TdxIc polyneuritis in Bombay due to ort o-cresyl-phosphate poisoning. 7 A/e ro/ Neurosurg Psychiatry 25 23 2 2, 1962... 

Adverse reactions may include acneiform eruptions allergic dermatitis arthropathy multiple cases of cholestatic and fulminant hepatitis drowsiness fatigue headache hepatotoxicity resembling viral or alcoholic hepatitis impotence metallic or garlic-like aftertaste peripheral neuropathy polyneuritis optic or retrobulbar neuritis restlessness occasional skin eruptions. 

A case of polyneuritis was reported in a man who had repeated dermal contact with carbon tetrachloride (Farrell and Senseman 1944). Although dermal absorption of carbon tetrachloride was the cause of the polyneuritis, none of the most characteristic signs of carbon tetrachloride intoxication were noted (nausea, headache, jaundice), and it seems likely that the disease in this individual may have been due to some other agent (Farrell and Senseman 1944). 

Tarrell CL, Senseman LA. 1944. Carbon tetrachloride polyneuritis. A case report. Rl Med J 27 334, 346. 

Paresthesia, polyneuritis, paralytic ileus, pyrexia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, coma, and death have been reported with podophyllum resin use. 

Beriberi (characterized by nerve involvement - peripheral neuritis), Wernicke s encephalopathy (characterized by ophthalmoplegia, polyneuritis and mental disorientation). 

Other vaccines available are those for influenza(flu), pneumonia (lifetime immunity), rabies, cholera, smallpox, typhus, typhoid, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Some vaccines can cause adverse effects especially to small children or the elderly. Flu vaccine has been implicated in the onset of a condition known as Guillain-Barre syndrome, a polyneuritis which can lead to anything from mild pain and weakness in the extremities to paralysis. These symptoms can last from a few weeks to a few months. 

In cattle, a thiamine deficiency causes podioencephalomalcia (PEM), characterized by blindness, decreased feed intake, incoordination, failure of rumen to contract, spasms, and paralysis. In swine, a deficiency retards growth and sometimes causes cyanosis (insufficient oxygen in blood), enlarged heart, accompanied by fatly degeneration of heart muscles. Chicks suffer from paralysis of peripheral nerves, causing polyneuritis (head drawn back). 

Diseases and disorders resulting from a deficiency of thiamine include beriben, opisthotonos (in birds), polyneuritis, hyperesthesia, bradycardia, and edema. Rather than a specific disease, beriberi may be described as a clinical state resulting from a thiamine deficiency. In body cells, thiamine pyrophosphate is required for removing carbon dioxide from various substances, including pyruvic acid. Actually, this is accomplished by a decarboxylase of which thiamine pyrophosphate is a part. Where... 

Thiamin is important as a component of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) (cocarboxylase). Good sources are lucerne, grains and yeast. A deficiency is less frequently encountered than deficiencies of other vitamins, since thiamin occurs in abundance in whole grains which make up the major part of poultry diets. A diet deficient in thiamin results in nervous disorders in both young and old birds, and eventual paralysis of the peripheral nerves (polyneuritis). 

Acute idiopathic polyneuritis characterized by muscular weakness and paraesthesia. 

The classical deficiency syndrome is beriberi, characterized by anorexia, weakness, constipation, progressive polyneuritis, cardiac insufficiency, and either edema or wasting of muscles.29 The recommended daily allowance is 1.1 to 1.4 mg.112... 

---