Polymer nomenclature, abbreviations

A Macromolecular Division of IUPAC was created in 1967, and it created a permanent Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, parallel to the other nomenclature commissions. The Commission over the years has issued recommendations on basic definitions, stereochemical definitions and notations, structure-based nomenclature for regular singlestrand organic polymers and regular single-strand and quasi-singlc-strand inorganic and coordination polymers, source-based nomenclature for polymers and abbreviations for polymers. All of these are collected in a compendium referred to as the IUPAC Purple Book. 

Interpenetrating Polymer Networks, abbreviated IPNs. No standard nomenclature exists. As an interpenetrating blend of two crosslinked polymers, the structure can be represented as... 

This book hopefully retains only a portion of the problems which have complicated its organization. These have included literature variations in definitions and in polymer nomenclature such as the names for the nylons. As a key for the reader, we have provided a glossary of terms for symbols, abbreviations, and for polymer identification. 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) has developed systematic nomenclature rules for polymers. As is the case with many small-molecule organic compounds, the IUPAC names are often complex and cumbersome. Therefore, polymer scientists often use common or abbreviated names, sometimes even product names. Poly[l- methoxycarbonyl)-l-methylethylene] (IUPAC) is almost always referred to as poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, or even Lucite. IUPAC discourages the use of trademarked names, however unless it is importanfto refer to a specific commercial product. The IUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission recognizes a number of trivial names for common polymers (Metanomski 1999). 

The Computer Programs section. Chapter 5, describes the two primary computer programs on the diskettes accompanying this Handbook. POLYPROG is a program which implements the recommended procedures of Chapter 3. POLYDATA provides an easy method of accessing the data contained in the many data bases. Chapter 6, contains the Appendices. The sections included are Glossary of Terms, Standard Polymer Abbreviations, Nomenclature, Units and Conversion Factors, and References. 

Abbreviations used in this chapter follow the rules of the lUPAC-IUB Commission of Biochemical Nomenclature (17) in accordance with the recommended nomenclature of graft polymers (18). 

Physically persistent stabilizers classified as functionalized oligomers or polymers can be synthesized by polyreactions of functionalized monomers and/or by polymer analogous reactions exploiting the reactivity of functionalized reactive low molecular weight compounds with polymeric substrates. For a detailed classification of synthetical approaches, the classification principle used in Houben-Weyl [42] was adopted. The nomenclature of functionalized polymers is based on the monomer s unit principle. Abbreviations of conventional polymers are used as recommended by [1, 2]. 

PPG [Polypropylene Glycol] Abbreviated to the acronym PPG by the International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient. Polypropylene glycol polymers are named as PPG-x , where x is the average number of propylene oxide (CjHgO) monomer units (e.g., PPG-10). Esters and ethers of polypropylene glycol polymers are named as PPG derivatives (e.g., PPG-10 stearate, PPG-10 lauryl ether). These compounds are generally used as emollients, emulsifiers, humectants, or surfactants. 

Since there are difficulties in assigning systematic and unique abbreviations to polymers, only a short list has the lUPAC s official sanction. An extensive list of internationally used abbreviations is provided in Appendix I. The lUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission has published three sets of mles for naming polymers ... 

According to lUPAC nomenclature rules, the trivial names of common polymers do not necessarily have to be replaced by structural names. Therefore, both trivial and structural names of polymers will be used in this book. In general, the standard abbreviations of trivial names will only be used in diagrammatic illustrations (see, for example. Table VII-6). Trade names of thermoplasts, thermosets, elastomers, and fibers will not be used in the text. 

Collections of three- and four-letter abbreviations of polymers have been made by many organizations. lUPAC Division of Applied Chemistry, Plastics and High Polymer Section (1969) Recommendations for Abbreviations for Terms relating to Plastics and Elastomers. Pure Appl Chem 18 583-589. Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature (1974) List of Standard Abbreviations (Symbols) for S)mthetic Polymer Materials. Pure Appl Chem 40 475 76. Eor a collection of abbreviations accepted internationally by many organizations see also Elias HG, Pethrick RA (1984) Polymer Yearbook. Harwood Acad Publ, Chur, Switzerland. 

Structural note regarding fluoropolymers In Tables 59.1 and 59.3 Rigorous application of nomenclature rules can lead to fluoropolymer names of excessive length for tabulations. There are few generally agreed abbreviations or acronyms for such polymers so rather than add to this problem we have dropped precise descriptions of substituent positions in the names in the tables. To avoid any confusion, the full names of these polymers are given below ... 

Many standards organizations, for example, the British Standards Institution (BSI), the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) issue standards which specify what letters shall be used. See ASTM standard D1600-86 (that is standard number D1600 revised/published in 1986) and called Standard abbreviations of terms related to plastics. There was a British standard published in 1978 - see BS 3502 1978 the corresponding ISO standard is ISO 1043 1978. There is now another ISO standard ISO 1043-1 which was published in 1987 and which is called Basic polymers and their special characteristics . It has the number ISO 1043-1 1987 (E). (The nomenclature of rubbers and lattices are described in ISO 1629). 

In general, we have attempted to cite polymers by the accepted nomenclature. When abbreviations are used, principally in the tables, we have used the Terms Relating to Plastics cited in ASTM D 1600-69. 

PLA can be obtained in two ways through direct polycondensation of the hydroxy acid or by ROP of cyclic lactide monomer. The different reaction pathways to PLA are depicted in Scheme 6.3. Different nomenclatures of polymers obtained by the different routes are often observed in the literature those obtained from lactic acid by direct polycondensation are referred to as poly (lactic acid), while those obtained from lactide monomer by ROP are referred to as poly (lactide). The general abbreviation used in both cases is PLA. 

Abbreviations and acronyms are in part based on the poly(monomer) nomenclature, i.e., on the names of the monomers used in the manufacture of polymers, sometimes however, without a prefix P for poly . The names of monomers for copolymers are given in alphabetical order without regard to their prevalence. 

Ethylene-propylene elastomers are commonly identified by the abbreviation EPM for copolymers and EPDM for terpolymers. The letter M, in accordance with ASTM nomenclature, indicates the class of elastomers with a methylene type saturated chain. The polymers will be described henceforth by these abbreviations. 

Abbreviations for amino acids and their derivatives follow the revised recommendation of the lUPAC-IUB Committee on Biochemical Nomenclature, entitled Nomenclature and Symbohsm for Amino Acids and Peptides (recommendations of 1983). Nomenclature of branched polypeptides is used in accordance with the recommended nomenclature of graft polymers (lUPAC-lUB recommendations, 1984). For the sake of brevity codes of branched polypeptides were constracted by us using the one-letter symbols of amino acids (Table 1). The abbreviations used in this paper are the following. AK, poly[Lys-(DL-Ala )] AXK, poly[Lys-(DL-Ala -Xi)] XAK, poly[Lys(Xi-DL-Ala )] X = Ser (SAK), Om (OAK), Glu (EAK), or Ac-Glu (Ac-EAK). All amino acids are of L-configuration unless otherwise stated. DPH, l,6-diphenyl-l,3,5-hexatriene ANS, sodium anilino naphthalene sulfonate DPPC, dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline PG, phosphatidyl glycerol Z, benzyloxycarbonyl Pep, pentachlorophenol P, polarisation. 

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